Spatial variability in the soil water content of a Mediterranean agroforestry system with high soil heterogeneity

Variability of soil water content is known to increase with the size of spatial domain in which measurements are taken. At field scale, heterogeneity in soil, vegetation, topography, water input volume and management affects, among other factors, hydrologic plot behaviour under different mean soil water contents. The present work studies how the spatial variability of soil water content (SWC) is affected by soil type (texture, percentage of stones and the combination of them) in a timber-orientated plantation of cherry tree (Prunus avium) under Mediterranean climatic conditions. The experimental design is a randomized block one with 3 blocks * 4 treatments, based on two factors: irrigation (6 plots irrigated versus 6 plots not irrigated) and soil management (6 plots tillaged versus 6 plots not tillaged). SWC is continuously measured at 25, 50 and 100 cm depth with FDR sensors, located at two positions in each treatment: under tree influence and 2.5 m apart. This study presents the results of the monitoring during 2012 of the 24 sensors located at the 25 cm depth. In each of the measurement point, texture and percentage of stones were measured. Sandy-loam, sandy-clay-loam and loam textures were found together with a percentage of stones ranging from 20 to 70 %. The results indicated that the relationship between the daily mean SWC and its standard deviation, a common procedure used to study spatial variability, changed with texture, percentage of stones and the estimation of field capacity from the combination of both. Temporal stability analysis of SWC showed a clear pattern related to field capacity, with the measurement points of the sandy-loam texture and the high percentage of stones showing the maximun negative diference with the global mean. The high range in the mean relative difference observed ( 75 %), could indicate that the studied plot may be considered as a good field-laboratory to extrapolate results at higher spatial scales. Furthermore, the pattern in the temporal stability of tree growth was clearly related to that one in SWC. Nevertheless, the treatments that represent the mean conditions in growth were not exactly the same than those in SWC, which could be attributable to other characteristics than soil

Water relations and vulnerability to embolism are not related: Experiments with eight grapevine cultivars

Drought tolerance mechanisms at the leaf level have been reported for grapevines but less is known about their vulnerability to embolism caused by water stress. The objective of this experiment was to determine if there is a relationship between xylem hydraulic characteristics and drought resistance mechanisms at the leaf level. The experiment was carried out on 10-year-old plants of 8 V. vinifera cvs: 'Sauvignon Blanc', 'Chardonnay', 'Cabernet Sauvignon', 'White Grenache', 'Black Grenache', 'Alicante Bouschet', 'Tempranillo', and 'Parellada' grown under field conditions without irrigation under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Embolism vulnerability curves were drawn for each cultivar. Values of the osmotic potential at full turgor, and at the turgor loss point, and the leaf bulk modulus of elasticity were obtained from pressure-volume curves on 4 different dates, from berries at pea size until harvest. All cultivars except 'Chardonnay', which showed elastic adjustment, showed osmoregulation but different patterns in vulnerability curves were found for each cultivar. While 'Parellada', 'Tempranillo' and 'Black Grenache' proved to have the most vulnerable xylem, 'Chardonnay' and 'Sauvignon Blanc' were shown to have the least vulnerable xylem to embolism. There was no relationship between the level of vulnerability to embolism for each cultivar and the drought tolerance mechanisms at the leaf level under the environmental conditions of this experiment. &nbsp

Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: tackling the issue from the roots

[EN] Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental-friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil-hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil-root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil-borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.This work is framed in the networking activities of RedVitis (AGL2015-70931-REDT) and RedVitis 2.0 (AGL2017-90759-REDT), funded by the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Ms Diana Marin is beneficiary of postgraduate scholarship funded by Universidad Publica de Navarra (FPI-UPNA-2016). Dr Juan Emilio Palomares-Rius acknowledges the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the 'Ramon y Cajal' Fellowship RYC-2017-22228 and Dr David Gramaje acknowledges Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the 'Ramon y Cajal' Fellowship RYC-2017-23098.Marín, D.; Armengol Fortí, J.; Carbonell-Bejerano, P.; Escalona, J.; Gramaje Pérez, D.; Hernández-Montes, E.; Intrigliolo, DS.... (2021). Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: tackling the issue from the roots. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research. 27(1):8-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12463S825271AGÜERO, C. B., URATSU, S. L., GREVE, C., POWELL, A. L. T., LABAVITCH, J. M., MEREDITH, C. P., & DANDEKAR, A. M. (2005). Evaluation of tolerance to Pierce’s disease andBotrytisin transgenic plants ofVitis viniferaL. expressing the pear PGIP gene. Molecular Plant Pathology, 6(1), 43-51. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2004.00262.xAgustí-Brisach, C., Mostert, L., & Armengol, J. (2013). Detection and quantification ofIlyonectriaspp. associated with black-foot disease of grapevine in nursery soils using multiplex nested PCR and quantitative PCR. Plant Pathology, 63(2), 316-322. doi:10.1111/ppa.12093Agustí-Brisach, C., Gramaje, D., García-Jiménez, J., & Armengol, J. (2013). Detection of black-foot disease pathogens in the grapevine nursery propagation process in Spain. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 137(1), 103-112. doi:10.1007/s10658-013-0221-8Alaniz, S., García-Jiménez, J., Abad-Campos, P., & Armengol, J. (2010). Susceptibility of grapevine rootstocks to Cylindrocarpon liriodendri and C. macrodidymum. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(3), 305-308. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2010.04.009Alaniz, S., Armengol, J., León, M., García-Jiménez, J., & Abad-Campos, P. (2009). 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S., Jaspers, M. V., Ridgway, H. J., Barclay, C. J., & Jones, E. E. (2013). Susceptibility of four grapevine rootstocks to Cylindrocladiella parva. New Zealand Plant Protection, 66, 249-253. doi:10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5675Brunori, E., Farina, R., & Biasi, R. (2016). Sustainable viticulture: The carbon-sink function of the vineyard agro-ecosystem. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 223, 10-21. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2016.02.012Cabral, A., Rego, C., Nascimento, T., Oliveira, H., Groenewald, J. Z., & Crous, P. W. (2012). Multi-gene analysis and morphology reveal novel Ilyonectria species associated with black foot disease of grapevines. Fungal Biology, 116(1), 62-80. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.09.010Carbonell-Bejerano, P., Santa María, E., Torres-Pérez, R., Royo, C., Lijavetzky, D., Bravo, G., … Martínez-Zapater, J. M. (2013). Thermotolerance Responses in Ripening Berries of Vitis vinifera L. cv Muscat Hamburg. 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Breeding rootstocks for tree fruit crops. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 23(4), 395-402. doi:10.1080/01140671.1995.9513915Davies, W. J., Kudoyarova, G., & Hartung, W. (2005). Long-distance ABA Signaling and Its Relation to Other Signaling Pathways in the Detection of Soil Drying and the Mediation of the Plant’s Response to Drought. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 24(4). doi:10.1007/s00344-005-0103-1Degu, A., Morcia, C., Tumino, G., Hochberg, U., Toubiana, D., Mattivi, F., … Fait, A. (2015). Metabolite profiling elucidates communalities and differences in the polyphenol biosynthetic pathways of red and white Muscat genotypes. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 86, 24-33. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.11.006Delrot, S., Grimplet, J., Carbonell-Bejerano, P., Schwandner, A., Bert, P.-F., Bavaresco, L., … Vezzulli, S. (2020). Genetic and Genomic Approaches for Adaptation of Grapevine to Climate Change. 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Improving water use efficiency in grapevines: potential physiological targets for biotechnological improvement. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 16, 106-121. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0238.2009.00057.xFort, K. P., Heinitz, C. C., & Walker, M. A. (2015). Chloride exclusion patterns in six grapevine populations. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 21(1), 147-155. doi:10.1111/ajgw.12125Foundation Plant Services(2020) Grape Variery: RS‐2. Grape program at Foundation Plant Services.https://fps.ucdavis.edu/Fraga, H., Malheiro, A. C., Moutinho‐Pereira, J., & Santos, J. A. (2012). An overview of climate change impacts on European viticulture. Food and Energy Security, 1(2), 94-110. doi:10.1002/fes3.14Franck, N., Morales, J. P., Arancibia‐Avendaño, D., García de Cortázar, V., Perez‐Quezada, J. F., Zurita‐Silva, A., & Pastenes, C. (2011). Seasonal fluctuations in Vitis vinifera root respiration in the field. 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Influence of water availability and grapevine phenological stage on the spatial variation in soil respiration. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 23(2), 273-279. doi:10.1111/ajgw.12279De Herralde, F., Sa

Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: tackling the issue from the roots

Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental‐friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil‐hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil–root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil‐borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Challenges of viticulture adaptation to global change: tackling the issue from the roots

Viticulture is facing emerging challenges not only because of the effect of climate change on yield and composition of grapes, but also of a social demand for environmental-friendly agricultural management. Adaptation to these challenges is essential to guarantee the sustainability of viticulture. The aim of this review is to present adaptation possibilities from the soil-hidden, and often disregarded, part of the grapevine, the roots. The complexity of soil-root interactions makes necessary a comprehensive approach taking into account physiology, pathology and genetics, in order to outline strategies to improve viticulture adaptation to current and future threats. Rootstocks are the link between soil and scion in grafted crops, and they have played an essential role in viticulture since the introduction of phylloxera into Europe at the end of the 19th century. This review outlines current and future challenges that are threatening the sustainability of the wine sector and the relevant role that rootstocks can play to face these threats. We describe how rootstocks along with soil management can be exploited as an essential tool to deal with the effects of climate change and of emerging soil-borne pests and pathogens. Moreover, we discuss the possibilities and limitations of diverse genetic strategies for rootstock breeding.This work is framed in the networking activities of RedVitis (AGL2015-70931-REDT) and RedVitis 2.0 (AGL2017-90759-REDT), funded by the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. Ms Diana Marin is beneficiary of postgraduate scholarship funded by Universidad Publica de Navarra (FPI-UPNA-2016). Dr Juan Emilio Palomares-Rius acknowledges the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the 'Ramon y Cajal' Fellowship RYC-2017-22228 and Dr David Gramaje acknowledges Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the 'Ramon y Cajal' Fellowship RYC-2017-23098

MAGGnet: an international network to foster mitigation of agricultural greenhouse gases.

Research networks provide a framework for review, synthesis and systematic testing of theories by multiple scientists across international borders critical for addressing global-scale issues. In 2012, a GHG research network referred to as MAGGnet (Managing Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Network) was established within the Croplands Research Group of the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA). With involvement from 46 alliance member countries, MAGGnet seeks to provide a platform for the inventory and analysis of agricultural GHG mitigation research throughout the world. To date, metadata from 315 experimental studies in 20 countries have been compiled using a standardized spreadsheet. Most studies were completed (74%) and conducted within a 1-3-year duration (68%). Soil carbon and nitrous oxide emissions were measured in over 80% of the studies. Among plant variables, grain yield was assessed across studies most frequently (56%), followed by stover (35%) and root (9%) biomass. MAGGnet has contributed to modeling efforts and has spurred other research groups in the GRA to collect experimental site metadata using an adapted spreadsheet. With continued growth and investment, MAGGnet will leverage limited-resource investments by any one country to produce an inclusive, globally shared meta-database focused on the science of GHG mitigation

Effect of reservoirs on streamflow and river regimes in a heavily regulated river basin of Northeast Spain

41 Pags.- 5 Tabls.- 13 Figs. The definitive version is available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03418162Dams modify downstream hydrology because they alter natural river regimes and divert river flows. The Segre Basin is one of the main tributaries of the Ebro River in Northeastern Spain, and has a drainage area of 13,000 km2. In this study, we used data on long-term (1951–2013) river flows and climatic series to analyze the downstream cumulative effect of dams on natural river regimes and the disassociation between changes in climate and runoff in the Segre Basin. The headwaters of this basin are in the Pyrenees Mountains, and water flow has been highly regulated since the second half of the twentieth century due to the construction of numerous dams. We compared long-term monthly averages of upstream and downstream sectors, and assessed the relationship between the climatic and hydrological time series. Our results show that the progressive increase of the impounded ratio index (reservoir capacity) increased the disassociation between climate and runoff. This markedly exacerbated the negative trend in downstream runoff, so this decline that cannot be solely explained by climatic changes. Our results provide evidence that reservoirs can cause a significant decline in downstream runoff and significant alterations of natural river regimes.This work was supported by the research projects PCIN-2015-220, CGL2014-52135-C03-01 and Red de variabilidad y cambio climático RECLIM (CGL2014-517221-REDT) financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER and “LIFE12 ENV/ES/000536-Demonstration and validation of innovative methodology for regional climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean area (LIFE MEDACC)” financed by the LIFE programme of the European Commission.Peer reviewe

Adaptive Radiation in Mediterranean Cistus (Cistaceae)

lineage consists of 12 species primarily distributed in Mediterranean habitats and is herein subject to analysis. lineages), which display asymmetric characteristics: number of species (2 vs. 10), leaf morphologies (linear vs. linear to ovate), floral characteristics (small, three-sepalled vs. small to large, three- or five-sepalled flowers) and ecological attributes (low-land vs. low-land to mountain environments). A positive phenotype-environment correlation has been detected by historical reconstructions of morphological traits (leaf shape, leaf labdanum content and leaf pubescence). Ecological evidence indicates that modifications of leaf shape and size, coupled with differences in labdanum secretion and pubescence density, appear to be related to success of new species in different Mediterranean habitats.

Water relations and photosynthesis as criteria for adequate irrigation management in 'Tahiti' lime trees

Irrigation scheduling based on soil moisture status is one of the most useful methods because of its practicality and low cost. The effects of available soil water depletion on evapotranspiration (ETc), transpiration (E), leaf water potential at predawn (psiP) and midday (psiM), stomatal conductance (gs) and net CO2 assimilation (A) in lime 'Tahiti' trees (Citrus latifolia) were evaluated to improve irrigation schedule and minimize water use without causing water stress. The trees were spaced 7 <FONT FACE=Symbol>&acute;</FONT> 4 m and drip-irrigated by four drippers with the available soil water content (AWC) depleted by suspension of irrigation (40 days). Leaf water potential was measured on a pressure chamber (psiP and psiM) and leaf gas exchange was measured by infrared gas analyzer (E, gs and A). Evapotranspiration was determined with the aid of weighing lysimeter. Water soil content and potential (psiS) were monitored with TDR probes and tensiometers, respectively, installed at 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 m depths. Meteorological variables were monitored with an automatic weather station in the experimental area. The threshold AWC level for the onset of ETc decline was 43%, and 60% for gs, A, E and Y P. Also, psiP was more sensitive to AWC than psiM, and is therefore a better tool for irrigation. When AWC was around 60%, values of psiP and psis were -0.62 MPa and -48.8 kPa, respectively

Els ecosistemes forestals del Montseny

El funcionalisme dels ecosistemes forestals del mass&iacute;