141 research outputs found
The Potential Role of Exercise Training and Mechanical Loading on Bone-Associated Skeletal Nerves
: The spatial distribution, innervation, and functional role of the bone-associated skeletal nerves have been previously reported in detail. However, studies examining exercise-induced associations between skeletal nerves and bone metabolism are limited. This review introduces a potential relationship between exercise and the skeletal nerves and discusses how it can contribute to exercise-induced bone anabolism. First, the background and current understanding of nerve fiber types and their functions in the skeleton are provided. Next, the influence of exercise and mechanical loading on the skeletal nervous system is elaborated. Effective synthesis of recent studies could serve as an established baseline for the novel discovery of the effects of exercise on skeletal nerve density and bone anabolic activity in the future. Therefore, this review overviews the existing evidence for the neural control of bone metabolism and the potential positive effects of exercise on the peripheral skeletal nervous system. The influence of exercise training models on the relationships of sensory nerve signals with osteoblast-mediated bone formation and the increased bone volume provides the first insight on the potential importance of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in the skeletal nerve-bone interaction and its downstream effect on bone metabolism, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential in a variety of clinical populations
Echocardiographic Assessment of Myocardial Deformation during Exercise
The human heart is an asymmetrical structure that consists of oblique, circumferential, and transmural fibers, as well as laminae and sheets. Sequential electrical activation of all the muscle fibers ultimately results in a coordinated contraction of the heart muscle also referred to as âdeformation.â This is immediately followed by myocardial relaxation, when the preceding deformation is reversed, and the ventricles fill with blood. Given the complexity of these repetitive motions, it is not surprising that there is great diversity in the myocardial deformation between different individuals and between distinct populations. Exercise presents a natural challenge to determine the full capacity of an individualâs heart, and modern imaging technologies allow for the non-invasive assessment of myocardial deformation during exercise. In this chapter, the most relevant anatomical basis for myocardial deformation is summarized and definitions of the most relevant parameters are provided. Then, the general cardiac responses to exercise are highlighted before the current knowledge on myocardial deformation during exercise is discussed. The literature clearly indicates that the echocardiographic evaluation of myocardial deformation during exercise holds great promise for the identification of sub-clinical disease. Future studies should aim to determine the mechanisms of differential expression of myocardial deformation during exercise in health and disease
Stress Testing for Diastolic Dysfunction: An Old Approach to a New Question
BACKGROUND: Currently, conventional cycle echocardiography is the recommended method for diagnosing diastolic dysfunction in patients with unexplained dyspnea upon exertion. However, this method has several underlying limitations including movement and respiratory artifact. These limitations are often exaggerated in patients who are obese and suffer from exertional dyspnea, and therefore limit its application in clinical diagnosis. Our group recently demonstrated that isometric handgrip echocardiography is a powerful sub-clinical diastolic discriminator that avoids the limitations of conventional cycle echocardiography and that can be easily implemented in the clinic. PURPOSE: However, to date it remains unclear how these two methodologies compare, and thus was the focus of the present investigation. We hypothesized that isometric handgrip echocardiography would be a more robust method for unmasking exercise induced diastolic dysfunction compared to conventional cycle echocardiography, due to its markedly different hemodynamic load. METHODS: To test this hypothesis, we recruited 24 individuals from the community (9 male, 15 female, age range: 18 - 80), who all performed 3 minutes of isometric handgrip echocardiography followed by 3 minutes of dynamic cycle exercise (20 W). At rest and during the final minute of each exercise protocol heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and Doppler derived E/eâ were recorded. Consistent with our previous work, and that of others, individuals who had a change in E/eâ from rest to exercise of \u3e1.5 (ÎE/eâ \u3e 1.5) were defined as responders, while non-responders were defined as ÎE/eâ \u3c 1.5. RESULTS: Both isometric handgrip and low-intensity cycle exercise resulted in a similar rise in HR (ÎHR: 22 ± 13 vs. 25 ± 7, handgrip vs. cycle exercise, P \u3e 0.05), while isometric handgrip resulted in a larger increase in MAP (ÎMAP: 28 ± 14 vs. 16 ± 12, handgrip vs. cycle exercise, P = 0.0003). Remarkably, the increased afterload stress experienced by the myocardium during isometric handgrip exercise was more robust at unmasking sub-clinical diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic elderly individuals compared to conventional cycle exercise (handgrip: n = 14 vs. n = 10; and cycle: n = 10 vs. n = 14, responders vs. non-responders). CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data highlight the usefulness of isometric handgrip echocardiography at isolating myocardial diastolic relaxation abnormalities in community dwelling individuals, beyond that of dynamic cycle exercise. Future work should focus on confirming the sensitivity of this method in individuals at risk for or with diagnosed heart failure
Soil, senescence and exudate utilisation: characterisation of the Paragon var. spring bread wheat root microbiome
Background: Conventional methods of agricultural pest control and crop fertilisation are unsustainable. To meet growing demand, we must find ecologically responsible means to control disease and promote crop yields. The root-associated microbiome can aid plants with disease suppression, abiotic stress relief, and nutrient bioavailability. The aim of the present work was to profile the community of bacteria, fungi, and archaea associated with the wheat rhizosphere and root endosphere in different conditions. We also aimed to use 13CO2 stable isotope probing (SIP) to identify microbes within the root compartments that were capable of utilising host-derived carbon. Results: Metabarcoding revealed that community composition shifted significantly for bacteria, fungi, and archaea across compartments. This shift was most pronounced for bacteria and fungi, while we observed weaker selection on the ammonia oxidising archaea-dominated archaeal community. Across multiple soil types we found that soil inoculum was a significant driver of endosphere community composition, however, several bacterial families were identified as core enriched taxa in all soil conditions. The most abundant of these were Streptomycetaceae and Burkholderiaceae. Moreover, as the plants senesce, both families were reduced in abundance, indicating that input from the living plant was required to maintain their abundance in the endosphere. Stable isotope probing showed that bacterial taxa within the Burkholderiaceae family, among other core enriched taxa such as Pseudomonadaceae, were able to use root exudates, but Streptomycetaceae were not. Conclusions: The consistent enrichment of Streptomycetaceae and Burkholderiaceae within the endosphere, and their reduced abundance after developmental senescence, indicated a significant role for these families within the wheat root microbiome. While Streptomycetaceae did not utilise root exudates in the rhizosphere, we provide evidence that Pseudomonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae family taxa are recruited to the wheat root community via root exudates. This deeper understanding crop microbiome formation will enable researchers to characterise these interactions further, and possibly contribute to ecologically responsible methods for yield improvement and biocontrol in the future
The Vehicle, Fall 2008
Table of Contents
DwIFoFErREINdTPhilip Gallagherpage 17
LeftoversAmanda Vealepage 18
the bogGrace Lawrencepage 19
Visitor\u27s Morning on EarthSteven T. Coxpage 20
The Moon Man Philip Gallagherpage 21
SearchingsAmanda Vealepage 23
Becoming WiseAmanda Vealepage 24
PerennialsAmanda Vealepage 26
SoldierMary Lieskepage 27
Desecration of a RelicAmanda Vealepage 29
New LifeJennifer O\u27Neilpage 30
GardenerKrystina Levyapage 43
The Reasons WhyMary Lieskepage 44
Dining at the MortuaryAmanda Vealepage 45
Poetry
Hop Scotch BehopJake Dawsonpage 1
Empty RoomAmanda Vealepage 2
Mantis (from memory) Muddy ShoesGina Marie LoBiancopage 3
MEMOSamuel Clowardpage 5
MathMary Lieskepage 7
To a Little Black GirlJustin Sudkamppage 8
Government OfficeSamuel Clowardpage 9
FirstKellen Fasnachtpage 10
Seeing Artichoke, Call MeAmanda Vealepage 11
TrumpetSarah Fairchildpage 12
That\u27s the StuffJake Dawsonpage 13
Your Hair is ThinningAmanda Vealepage 15
UnableDonica Millerpage 16
Dance PartnersSamantha Sauerpage 32
I StillMegan Mathypage 33
IncandescenceSarah Fairchildpage 34
Stone CraneBrendan Hughespage 35
The Road TakenSamantha Sauerpage 36
YouMegan Mathypage 37
Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Zhangjiajie, ChinaBrendan Hughespage 38
Spotlight on 2008 Chapbook
LessonsGlen Davispage 62
Interview with Glen DavisRebecca Griffithpage 64
Contributorspage 69
Submission Guidelines/Reading Event
Blues Mad FoolJake Dawsonpage 47
Good WomanJake Dawsonpage 49
Good ManJake Dawsonpage 51
And I Miss YouDonica Millerpage 53
Entropy of Your ShirtAmanda Vealepage 56
Mavericks Philip Gallagherpage 57
Untitled [It\u27s 10:15 p.m....]Philip Gallagherpage 59
Prose
A Birdhouse for GrandpaLeslie Hancockpage 39
MotivationMary Lieskepage 55
Art
Forgotten GardenBrendan Hughescovers
BeMegan Mathypage 31https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1088/thumbnail.jp
17âBeta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 13Â Is a Hepatic Retinol Dehydrogenase Associated With Histological Features of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148371/1/hep30350.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148371/2/hep30350_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/148371/3/hep30350-sup-0001-Supinfo.pd
Recreating the OSIRIS-REx Slingshot Manoeuvre from a Network of Ground-Based Sensors
Optical tracking systems typically trade-off between astrometric precision
and field-of-view. In this work, we showcase a networked approach to optical
tracking using very wide field-of-view imagers that have relatively low
astrometric precision on the scheduled OSIRIS-REx slingshot manoeuvre around
Earth on September 22nd, 2017. As part of a trajectory designed to get
OSIRIS-REx to NEO 101955 Bennu, this flyby event was viewed from 13 remote
sensors spread across Australia and New Zealand to promote triangulatable
observations. Each observatory in this portable network was constructed to be
as lightweight and portable as possible, with hardware based off the successful
design of the Desert Fireball Network.
Over a 4 hour collection window, we gathered 15,439 images of the night sky
in the predicted direction of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. Using a specially
developed streak detection and orbit determination data pipeline, we detected
2,090 line-of-sight observations. Our fitted orbit was determined to be within
about 10~km of orbital telemetry along the observed 109,262~km length of
OSIRIS-REx trajectory, and thus demonstrating the impressive capability of a
networked approach to SSA
LSST Science Book, Version 2.0
A survey that can cover the sky in optical bands over wide fields to faint
magnitudes with a fast cadence will enable many of the exciting science
opportunities of the next decade. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)
will have an effective aperture of 6.7 meters and an imaging camera with field
of view of 9.6 deg^2, and will be devoted to a ten-year imaging survey over
20,000 deg^2 south of +15 deg. Each pointing will be imaged 2000 times with
fifteen second exposures in six broad bands from 0.35 to 1.1 microns, to a
total point-source depth of r~27.5. The LSST Science Book describes the basic
parameters of the LSST hardware, software, and observing plans. The book
discusses educational and outreach opportunities, then goes on to describe a
broad range of science that LSST will revolutionize: mapping the inner and
outer Solar System, stellar populations in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies,
the structure of the Milky Way disk and halo and other objects in the Local
Volume, transient and variable objects both at low and high redshift, and the
properties of normal and active galaxies at low and high redshift. It then
turns to far-field cosmological topics, exploring properties of supernovae to
z~1, strong and weak lensing, the large-scale distribution of galaxies and
baryon oscillations, and how these different probes may be combined to
constrain cosmological models and the physics of dark energy.Comment: 596 pages. Also available at full resolution at
http://www.lsst.org/lsst/sciboo
The state of the Martian climate
60°N was +2.0°C, relative to the 1981â2010 average value (Fig. 5.1). This marks a new high for the record. The average annual surface air temperature (SAT) anomaly for 2016 for land stations north of starting in 1900, and is a significant increase over the previous highest value of +1.2°C, which was observed in 2007, 2011, and 2015. Average global annual temperatures also showed record values in 2015 and 2016. Currently, the Arctic is warming at more than twice the rate of lower latitudes
<i>TESS</i> Spots a Compact System of Super-Earths around the Naked-eye Star HR 858
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observations have revealed a compact multiplanet system around the sixth-magnitude star HR 858 (TIC 178155732, TOI 396), located 32 pc away. Three planets, each about twice the size of Earth, transit this slightly evolved, late F-type star, which is also a member of a visual binary. Two of the planets may be in mean motion resonance. We analyze the TESS observations, using novel methods to model and remove instrumental systematic errors, and combine these data with follow-up observations taken from a suite of ground-based telescopes to characterize the planetary system. The HR 858 planets are enticing targets for precise radial velocity observations, secondary eclipse spectroscopy, and measurements of the RossiterâMcLaughlin effect
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