Material Flow Analysis to Evaluate Supply Chain Evolution and Management: An Example Focused on Maritime Pine in the Landes de Gascogne Forest, France

The Landes de Gascogne forest, located in southwestern France, spans nearly 10,000 km2 and consists largely of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). This forest in unique to Europe because it is almost entirely created and managed by man for specific industries. On the basis of a material flow analysis, we assessed the upstream supply chain of maritime pine from 2013 to 2019, using a cradle-to-gate approach. The assessment is based on data provided by Alliance Forêts Bois, an important stakeholder of the region and leader in the production of forest resources in France. For various reasons, the harvest totals decreased 10% in the last years. We identified a clear orientation to specific industries—in 2019, 45% was used as pulpwood. This is due to the overall design of the current territory, species of tree, and market values of the pulp and paper industry. The current design provides a limited supply of old growth trees, which produce high-quality logs for construction-based products, and are also more resistant to climate variability. A future shift or balance in raw material flows could be a crucial step in protecting the long-term economic viability of the region. This article aims to contribute to new attempts in providing comprehensive views of stocks and flows in the French forest-wood supply chain

Green gluing of tropical wood Part III: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of Frake and Ayous green wood's Glue line

Green gluing of tropical wood Part III: X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of Frake and Ayous green wood’s Glue line. Emmanuel Njungab1,2, René Oum Lissouck2,4, 5Christine Labrugère, Ntede Ngah Hippolyte2, Régis Pommier3, Louis Max Ayina Ohandja2, Joseph Noah Ngamveng1 1 Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry (LCMA), Faculty of science, The University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon. 2 Laboratory of Mechanics, Materials and Structures (LMMS), ENSP, The University of Yaoundé 1, Cameroon. 3 Institute of Mechanics and Engineering (I2M-GCE), The University of Bordeaux 1, France. 4 National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS), UMR 5295, France. 5Centre de Caractérisation des Matériaux Avancés (ICMCB, CNRS-UPR), The Université of Bordeaux 1 Abstract: We have recently succeeded to bond two tropical african woods Ayous and Frake in the green state by the glulam technique using a one component (1C-PU) polyurethane adhesive. Durable bond line was achieved and succeeds to meet the structural standard requirement. Scanning electron microscopy performs on the glue line show a good embedding of the glue on the wood fibers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also referred to as Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the interaction of both tropical woods with adhesive. Unlike theoretical expected urethane functional group, xps analysis indicated a high proportion of non hydrolyze urea group and hydrogen bonding of nitrogen (N) at 399,5 eV and 400,5 eV respectively. This foreseen that polyurea polymers and hydrogen bond are the most probable bond to strengthen the gluline. Key words: Green gluing, Tropical woods, Sanding, 1C-PU, XPS, FTIR, Polyure

Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of materials in wooden boat ecodesign

The authors extend their warmest thanks to the Cluster ABOVE who financed the research and in particular to the Dubourdieu 1800 boatyard (Mr Emmanuel Martin) who built the Greenboat and who supplied us with a great quantity of data for our LCA.International audiencePurpose: Wooden boatyard building has been replaced in the 70’s in favor of materials which are considered cheaper and simpler to work with (such as composite or aluminium). With today's new environmental standards, the choices of materials must also be compatible with the aims of ecodesign. We promote wood based boats, and replacing exotic woods with local varieties (from France). An environmental impact assessment is needed to clarify the relative position of each solution.Methods: In order to validate the choices, we used a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) "from cradle to grave" of the hull. This LCA is based on the comparison of the different materials used: aluminum, composite, exotic wood and maritime pine. This study is based on the construction of an 18-meter-long passenger transport boat. These evaluations were carried out with respect to ISO 14040 standards, beginning with an existing database and measurements taken on the building and production sites. Results: Our results demonstrate the benefits of using a wood-based hull compared to other materials. Moreover, the results show that the maritime pine used in replacement of imported exotic woods is more favorable from both economic and environmental points of view. This LCA allowed us to characterize precisely the stages in the life cycle of a passenger boat and to propose a hierarchy between the different materials under comparison for the purposes of boat building. The recommendations and lines of progress highlighted by this study will allow us to enhance the efficiency of upcoming constructions and to promote the ecodesign conception in the boatyard

LCA of EVP - Engineering Veneer Product: plywood glued using a vacuum moulding technology from green veneers

The production of plywood represents a major proportion of engineered wood products. The traditional manufacturing process requires very thorough drying of the wood before gluing. Gluing green wood is a new technology which can be applied to plywood vacuum moulding. Gluing wood when it is in a green state can be done, because it can be dried by the vacuum at the same time that pressure is applied for the gluing. The main interest of this method is that it reduces considerably the number of steps in its manufacture. The aim of this paper is to propose a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in order to validate the use of the vacuum process with green veneers. The types of glue, the gluing techniques (by vacuum or traditional methods) and the wood varieties have been compared. The functional analysis focused on 4 traditional plywood in order to compare it with our product. The 5 products meet the quality requirements of plywood EN 13986 (2004). The environmental modelling was carried out according to the ISO 14040, standard of life cycle assessment, principles and framework, starting from existing data bases and from measurements taken on manufacturing sites and during the testing. The model shows that there is a significant interest in the technology of gluing green wood with a vacuum process compared to the conventional approach. For an industrial use, the disadvantage of this new technology is the use of consumables but that could be reduced considerably in industrial production by using reusable consumables

Green technology LCA for wood manufacturing: plywood glued from green veneers technology

Vacuum moulding technologies enable to manufacture plywood. It enables to glue a green state wood, because it can be dried and glued by the vacuum in the same operation. It reduces considerably the number of steps in its manufacturing. The aim of this paper is to propose a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in order to validate the use of vacuum process with green plywood in the hulls of boats. The functional analysis focussed on 4 traditional plywood in order to compare them with our product. The environmental modelling is carried out according to norm ISO 14040, starting from existing eco-invent (c) data base enriched with measurements taken during the manufacturing process. The results show the significant interest in the technology of gluing green wood with vacuum process. For an industrial use, this new technology is disadvantaged by the use of consumables which could be reduced considerably in industrial production by using reusable consumable

Analyse de l'influence des paramètres de collage d'un contreplaqué à l'état vert sur ses propriétés mécaniques

Ces recherches ont pour objectif l'évaluation et la compréhension des performances mécaniques de panneaux de contreplaqués collés en fonction de la teneur en eau du bois, du grammage et de la viscosité de l'adhésif appliqué. Les plis (2,4 mm d'épaisseur) sont obtenus par déroulage de billons de pin Maritime préalablement étuvés. Le contreplaqué a été réalisé par moulage sous vide. Cette technologie, qui consiste à presser les plis encollés et clos à l'aide d'une bâche, permet de créer des contreplaqués formables sans limite de dimensions. Dans un premier temps, du contreplaqué 5 plis a été réalisé à l'aide d'un adhésif Polyuréthane [1] afin d'évaluer les effets de la teneur en eau du bois et du grammage d'adhésif sur les propriétés mécaniques des panneaux. Un plan d'expérience a permis de comparer la performance en cisaillement du joint de colle dans les différentes configurations étudiées (teneur en eau, grammage). Les contraintes de rupture obtenues dépendent fortement de ces paramètres. Afin de comprendre la variabilité observée, la recherche s'est orientée sur la caractérisation des interfaces colle/substrat. Les effets de la teneur en eau du bois et de la viscosité de la colle ont été observés à travers des essais de mouillabilité et des mesures d'enthalpie de surface des matériaux. En complément, des observations au microscope à fluorescence ont permis de mesurer le degré de pénétration de l'adhésif dans les cellules du bois, l'épaisseur du joint de colle et la proportion de bulles d'air dans le joint pour les différents contreplaqués testés. Les premiers résultats ont mis en évidence l'influence de la teneur en eau du bois, de la viscosité et du grammage d'adhésif sur les performances et la morphologie de la liaison. Ces analyses permettent d'optimiser les paramètres de fabrication des panneaux de contreplaqués et de valider le procédé de fabrication utilisé. Références: 1. R. Pommier, « Compréhension de l’aboutage du bois vert : détermination du procédé et principes physico mécaniques appliqués au Pin maritime », XXVèmes rencontres AUGC 2007, Bordeaux, 2007. 2. G. Elbez, Le collage du bois, CTBA, 200

Investigation of green-glued laminated timber from the Congo Basin: durability, mechanical strength and variability trends of the bondlines

The development of glulam may give complementary, added-value to an important part of the timber production in the Congo Basin. Nevertheless, the high humidity in which these timbers operate may cause problems such as cracks and severe deformations if they are not suitably bonded. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the refined design of the bondlines of glulam assembling from the Congo Basin hardwoods. We investigated the durability, mechanical strength, and variability features of the bondlines, manufactured under higher moisture conditions. Eight hardwood species with very different properties were selected. A one-component polyurethane adhesive was used. Industrial gluing parameters were kept constant. Delamination, shear tests and analysis of bondlines thickness were carried out. Multivariate analysis and a goodness-of-fit test of the strength variability of the bondlines were performed. Optimum bondlines thicknesses were obtained. Their durability exhibited satisfactory trends up to a density of 750 kg/m3. The behaviour of the bondlines can operate in three homogeneous groups. In each of them, the variability of the shear strength can be properly modelled using a 3-parameter Weibull probability. Wood failure trends were in accordance with several international requirements. The density value of 750 kg/m3 appeared as critical for the compatibility between the shear strength, the durability and the bondlinesthickness. The overall results showed the ability of several tropical timber species to be valorised in green-glulam applications. Moreover, the findings unlock new trends concerning a reliable and safe design of tropical glulam as a structural wood-based product

Mechanical Qualification of Green Glued Laminated Timbers From the Congo Basin Towards Preservation of Forest Species Diversity

This study investigates the bending performances of full-size and green glued laminated timber (glulam) beams, manufactured under a tropical climate. Two types of beams were prepared: mono-species and mixed-species glulam. The mono-species glulam with uniform layup were manufactured using abura (Mitragyna ciliata) and dabema (Piptadeniastrum africanum). The mixed-species glulam with balanced layup were manufactured by associating difou (Morus mesozygia) and abura, and tali (Erythrophleum ivorense) and dabema. These species were selected in the framework of a sustainable development of the glulam industry in Congo Basin, and clustering of their technological properties. A one component polyurethane adhesive was used, and the beams were dried artificially using vacuum. Pure bending tests were performed and the results showed an optimal bondlines thickness that ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mm. Failure occurred in the solid woods indicating a satisfatory bonding quality of the glulam products. The strength properties of the glulam and solid woods presented compatible trends. Findings of this study showed that it is possible to develop high mechanical performance glulam products while improving the valorisation of lesser-known species, thus preserving the forest diversity in the Congo Basin. © Forest Research Institute Malaysi

Studying Galactic interstellar turbulence through fluctuations in synchrotron emission First LOFAR Galactic foreground detection

<p>Aims. The characteristic outer scale of turbulence (i. e. the scale at which the dominant source of turbulence injects energy to the interstellar medium) and the ratio of the random to ordered components of the magnetic field are key parameters to characterise magnetic turbulence in the interstellar gas, which affects the propagation of cosmic rays within the Galaxy. We provide new constraints to those two parameters.</p><p>Methods. We use the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) to image the diffuse continuum emission in the Fan region at (l, b) (137.0., + 7.0.) at 80 '' x 70 '' resolution in the range [146, 174] MHz. We detect multi-scale fluctuations in the Galactic synchrotron emission and compute their power spectrum. Applying theoretical estimates and derivations from the literature for the first time, we derive the outer scale of turbulence and the ratio of random to ordered magnetic field from the characteristics of these fluctuations.</p><p>Results. We obtain the deepest image of the Fan region to date and find diffuse continuum emission within the primary beam. The power spectrum displays a power law behaviour for scales between 100 and 8 arcmin with a slope a = -1.84 +/- 0.19. We find an upper limit of 20 pc for the outer scale of the magnetic interstellar turbulence toward the Fan region, which is in agreement with previous estimates in literature. We also find a variation of the ratio of random to ordered field as a function of Galactic coordinates, supporting different turbulent regimes.</p><p>Conclusions. We present the first LOFAR detection and imaging of the Galactic diffuse synchrotron emission around 160 MHz from the highly polarized Fan region. The power spectrum of the foreground synchrotron fluctuations is approximately a power law with a slope a beta-1.84 up to angular multipoles of similar to 1300, corresponding to an angular scale of similar to 8 arcmin. We use power spectra fluctuations from LOFAR as well as earlier GMRT andWSRT observations to constrain the outer scale of turbulence (Lout) of the Galactic synchrotron foreground, finding a range of plausible values of 10-20 pc. Then, we use this information to deduce lower limits of the ratio of ordered to random magnetic field strength. These are found to be 0.3, 0.3, and 0.5 for the LOFAR, WSRT and GMRT fields considered respectively. Both these constraints are in agreement with previous estimates.</p>