Induction of T helper 2 cell responses against Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the murine intestine

T helper 2 (Th2) cell responses typify the immune response to parasitic organisms, which frequently invade the intestine. Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered vital for the induction of Th2 responses as they present parasite- derived antigens to naive T cells in draining lymph nodes. However, the identities of the DC populations responsible for priming Th2 cells in the intestine are still unclear. We developed an experimental immunization protocol to deliver Schistosoma mansoni eggs into the intestine. During live infection by the parasite, these eggs cause intestinal damage, granuloma formation, tissue fibrosis and strong type 2 immune responses. Many aspects of type 2 immunity are controlled by the transcription factor IRF4 and we observed that intestinal Th2 responses against Schistosoma mansoni eggs did not develop in the draining lymph nodes in the absence of IRF4+ DCs. IRF4f/f CD11c-cre positive mice had fewer CD11b-expessing migrating DCs, and fewer parasite antigen-carrying DCs were present in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) draining the small intestine and colon. However, transfer of antigen-loaded IRF4-deficient DCs directly into the MLN revealed that these cells could induce antigen-specific Th2 responses, suggesting that IRF4 controlled the migration of CD11b-expessing DCs rather than their Th2 inducing capacity. Furthermore, immature DCs from the intestinal lamina propria, and semi-mature DCs from lymph were sufficient to prime antigen-specific Th2 responses against egg antigens when transferred into naive recipient mice. This induction was dependent on MHCII expression but not on the production of IL-4 by the transferred DCs, indicating that conventional intestinal DCs are fully capable of inducing Th2 responses against S. mansoni egg antigens upon transfer. Further analysis of migratory small intestinal and colonic lymph DCs revealed that distinct subsets of CD11b-expressing DCs were sufficient for the induction of Th2 responses in the small intestine and colon. CD11b+CD103+ DCs transported parasite antigen from the small intestine, whereas CD11b+CD103- DCs performed this role in the colon. Of note, these same small intestinal and colonic DC subsets were also the populations that were most efficient at priming antigen-specific Th2 responses in vivo. Thus, we have not only identified that IRF4-dependent CD11b-expressing DCs are specialized to drive Th2 responses in the intestine but have also revealed that different DC subsets promote Th2 responses in the small intestine and colon. These findings not only advance our knowledge of intestinal Th2 responses against parasite antigens but also reveal a hitherto unappreciated functional heterogeneity among intestinal DCs, which could also be relevant for other tissue- specific intestinal conditions like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and celiac disease

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Retrospective evaluation of whole exome and genome mutation calls in 746 cancer samples

Funder: NCI U24CA211006Abstract: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) curated consensus somatic mutation calls using whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS), respectively. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, which aggregated whole genome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumour types, we compare WES and WGS side-by-side from 746 TCGA samples, finding that ~80% of mutations overlap in covered exonic regions. We estimate that low variant allele fraction (VAF < 15%) and clonal heterogeneity contribute up to 68% of private WGS mutations and 71% of private WES mutations. We observe that ~30% of private WGS mutations trace to mutations identified by a single variant caller in WES consensus efforts. WGS captures both ~50% more variation in exonic regions and un-observed mutations in loci with variable GC-content. Together, our analysis highlights technological divergences between two reproducible somatic variant detection efforts

German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) - Cumulation 1980-2010

ALLBUS (GGSS - the German General Social Survey) is a biennial trend survey based on random samples of the German population. Established in 1980, its mission is to monitor attitudes, behavior, and social change in Germany. Each ALLBUS cross-sectional survey consists of one or two main question modules covering changing topics, a range of supplementary questions and a core module providing detailed demographic information. Additionally, data on the interview and the interviewers are provided as well. Key topics generally follow a 10-year replication cycle, many individual indicators and item batteries are replicated at shorter intervals. ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010 compiles all of the time series in the ALLBUS program (i.e. it contains data for all questions that have been surveyed in at least two of the so far 17 cross-sectional surveys).Cumulated ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010 is an English translation of the original German survey Cumulated ALLBUS 1980-2010. For a comprehensive study description please compare Study No. 4574 (Cumulated ALLBUS 1980-2010) .Die Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS) ist eine Trenderhebung, in der seit 1980 alle zwei Jahre eine Zufallsstichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung befragt wird. Das primäre Ziel des Umfrageprogramms ist die Beobachtung von Einstellungen, Verhalten und sozialen Wandel in Deutschland. Jede ALLBUS-Querschnittserhebung besteht aus ein oder zwei Schwerpunktmodulen zu wechselnden Themen. Diese werden ergänzt durch weitere inhaltliche Fragen und ein Kernmodul mit detaillierten demografischen Informationen. Zudem werden Zusatzinformation zum Interview und den Interviewern bereitgestellt. Die Schwerpunktmodule folgen in der Regel einem 10-jährigen Replikationszyklus, viele Einzelindikatoren und Itembatterien werden aber auch in kürzeren Abständen repliziert. Die ALLBUS Kumulation 1980-2010 versammelt alle Zeitreihen aus dem ALLBUS-Frageprogramm, d.h. der Datensatz enthält Daten für alle Fragen, die in wenigstens zwei der bisher 17 ALLBUS-Umfragen erhoben wurden.Der kumulierte ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010 ist eine englische Übersetzung der deutschen Originalstudie Kumulierter ALLBUS 1980-2010. Eine vollständige Studienbeschreibung finden Sie unter Studiennummer 4574 (Kumulierter ALLBUS 1980-2010)

ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010 (Kumulierte Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften/ Cumulated German General Social Survey 1980-2010)

ALLBUS (GGSS - the German General Social Survey) is a biennial trend survey based on random samples of the German population. Established in 1980, its mission is to monitor attitudes, behavior, and social change in Germany. Each ALLBUS cross-sectional survey consists of one or two main question modules covering changing topics, a range of supplementary questions and a core module providing detailed demographic information. Additionally, data on the interview and the interviewers are provided as well. Key topics generally follow a 10-year replication cycle, many individual indicators and item batteries are replicated at shorter intervals. ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010 compiles all of the time series in the ALLBUS program (i.e. it contains data for all questions that have been surveyed in at least two of the so far 17 cross-sectional surveys).1.) Economy: assessments of the present and future economic situation in Germany and in one´s own federal state; assessment of present and future personal economic situation. 2.) Political attitudes and participation: satisfaction with federal government, state government, German democracy, and with the performance of the German political system (political support); self-placement on left-right continuum; political interest; party inclination; voting intention (Sonntagsfrage); participation in last federal elections; recall of vote in last federal elections; party-sympathy-scales for the CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, Republicans (Republikaner), NPD, PDS, DKP as well as the Greens (Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen); likelihood of voting for different political parties; political participation; voluntary activities or honorary offices; attitudes towards nuclear energy, the death penalty for terrorists, towards the privatization of publicly owned companies, and towards abortion; democracy scale; perception of individual influence on politics (political efficacy, political alienation); gap between politicians and citizens; self-assuredness with regard to political group work; too much complexity in politics; the politicians´ closeness to constituents; personal and average citizen´s level of political knowledge; majority capable of working in a political group; participation in the vote as a civic duty; postmaterialism (importance of law and order, fighting rising prices, free expression of opinions, and influence on governmental decisions). 3.) Attitudes relating to the process of German unification: attitude towards the demand for increased willingness to make sacrifices in the West and more patience in the East; unification is advantageous, for East and West respectively; future of the East depends on the willingness of eastern Germans to make an effort; strangeness of citizens in the other part of Germany; performance pressure in the new states; attitude towards dealing with the Stasi-past of individuals; evaluation of socialism as an idea. 4.) Social inequality and the welfare state: fair share in standard of living; self-assessment of social class and classification on a top-bottom-scale; evaluation of personal occupational success, comparison with father´s position and personal occupational expectations for the future; perceived strength of conflicts between social groups; attitudes towards the German economic system and evaluation of policies supporting the welfare state; evaluation of equal educational opportunities for everyone; prerequisites for social success; income differences as incentive to achieve; acceptance of social differences; evaluation of personal social security; attitudes towards expansion or cuts in social services; attitudes towards cuts in the defense budget; perceived stance of the federal government in these matters. 5.) Confidence in public institutions and organizations: health service, federal constitutional court, federal parliament, local government, German armed forces, churches, judiciary, television, newspapers, universities, federal government, trade unions, police, political parties, employment offices, retirement insurance, employers´ association, the European Commission, the European Parliament, the European Court of Justice. 6.) National pride: pride in German institutions and German achievements; pride in being a German. 7.) Ethnocentrism and Minorities: attitude towards the influx of eastern European ethnic Germans, asylum seekers, labor from EU or non-EU countries; perceived consequences of presence of foreigners in Germany; treatment of foreigners by the administration; ranking in terms of importance of different citizenship requirements; scale of attitudes towards foreigners and contacts with foreigners (split: guest-workers) within the family, at work, in the neighborhood, or among friends; opinion on dual citizenship and on equal rights for foreigners; perceived strength of conflict between guest workers and German citizens; support for the teaching of Islam in public schools; estimation of proportion of foreigners in East and West Germany and in the neighborhood where respondent lives; perceived differences in lifestyle; indicators for social distance to ethnic minorities and foreigners; items on anti-Semitism; perception and evaluation of discriminatory behavior towards foreigners. 8.) Attachment to various political entities: attachment to one´s own municipality, the federal state, the old Federal Republic or the GDR, unified Germany and the EU. 9.) Attitudes towards marriage, family, and partnership: family as a prerequisite for happiness; marriage in case of steady partnership or if child was born; ideal number of children; attitude towards employment of women and mothers; importance of educational goals; most important educational goals in school; classification of the importance of certain educational aspirations for a child; desired characteristics of children; authoritarianism; importance of the family. 10.) Attitudes towards abortion: abortion because of health risks for mother or child; abortion after rape, due to financial situation or by single women not wanting to marry; permitting abortion without restriction. 11.) Questions on AIDS (HIV): knowledge of the disease AIDS; perceived reports in the media; attitudes towards higher health insurance fees for AIDS-infected people; attitudes towards dismissal of AIDS-infected employees and towards entry refusal for AIDS-infected foreigners; attitude towards mandatory registration of HIV-infected individuals; worry about personal AIDS infection; personal protective measures and behavioral changes; AIDS-infected people in one´s own circle of friends. 12.) Importance of life aspects and job characteristics: family and children, occupation and work, free time and recreation, friends and acquaintances, kinship, religion and church, politics and public life, neighborhood; preferred job characteristics (security, income, responsibility, etc.). 13.) Free time activities: reading books; reading magazines; listening to records, CD´s, cassettes; watching videos; using the computer; surfing the internet; private further education; relaxing, being lazy; walking or hiking; yoga, meditation; going to restaurants; visiting friends; visiting relatives; playing games; taking short trips; participating in politics; voluntary activities or honorary offices; attending church or religious events; indulging in art and music; do it yourself; active sport; attending sports events, going to the cinema, to pop concerts, jazz or dance events; classic culture (i.e. opera, classical concerts, theater, exhibitions). 14.) Use of media: frequency of watching television over the week; taste in television programs: shows and quiz shows, sports, movies, news broadcasts, political magazines, art and culture programs, traditional German ´Heimat´-films, detective films, action films, sitcom or entertainment series; frequency of reading a daily newspaper per week. 15.) Religion and world view: belief in God, cosmology, and the meaning of life; self-assessment of religiousness; membership in a church; present and former denominational membership; funeral by church; marriage in church; baptism of children; frequency of church attendance and prayer; interest in Christian programs in the media. 16.) Environment: perception of general environmental pollution and personally experienced environmental pollution. 17.) Attitudes towards and contacts with the administration: evaluation of administration services and assessment of treatment by the administration. 18.) Anomia and fear of crime: general feeling of trust in ordinary people and in politicians; social pessimism and orientation towards the future (anomia); fear of crime; fear of unemployment or loss of business. 19.) Deviant behavior and sanctions: opinion on various deviant acts with reference to their reprehensibility and the degree to which they deserve persecution; respect of the law; probability of engaging in various deviant acts in the future; self-reported deviant behavior; assessment of probability of being caught committing various crimes; lowering the crime rate through severer punishment; own victimization. 20.) ALLBUS-Demography: Details about the respondent: month and year of birth, age, gender, citizenship(s) (nationality), number of citizenships; original citizenship, place of residence (federal state, administrative district, size of municipality, BIK-type of municipality, Boustedt-type of municipality) and length of residence; geographical origin; religious denomination, frequency of church attendance; currently at school or university, school education, vocational training, possession of driver´s license, employment status, details about current and former occupation respectively, details about first occupation, industrial sector, fear of unemployment or loss of business, affiliation to public service, length of commute, supervisory functions, date of termination of full- or part-time employment, length of employment, working hours per week (primary and secondary job), size of company, length of unemployment, gaps in occupational biography, desire for work, principal source of livelihood, respondent´s income, age when leaving parental home, migration to East or West Germany, interest in migrating to East or West Germany or to another EC country, length of residence (in the FRG, in this federal state, current place of residence), country respondent lived in when young, type of dwelling, self-description of place of residence, telephone, overall health, physical and psychological shape during the last four weeks, height and weight, marital status, marital biography, desire to have children. Details about respondent´s current spouse: citizenship(s), number of citizenships, original citizenship, age, religious denomination, school education, vocational training, employment status, details about current and former occupation respectively, affiliation to public service, date of termination of full- or part-time employment, length of unemployment, fear of unemployment or loss of business. Details about respondent´s former spouse: age, religious denomination, school education, vocational training, details about current and former occupation respectively. Details about respondent´s steady partner: citizenship(s), number of citizenships, original citizenship, age, common household, distribution of household chores, school education, vocational training, employment status, details about current and former occupation respectively, affiliation to public service, fear of unemployment or loss of business, date of termination of full- or part-time employment. Details about respondent´s parents and grandparents: country of origin, school education of father and mother, university education of father and mother, vocational training of father and mother, details about parents´ occupation. Description of household: size of household, household income, types of income in household, number of persons older than 17 in household (reduced size of household), number of children. Details about household members: family relation to respondent, gender, month and year of birth, age, marital status, income, German citizenship. Details about children not living in the household: number of children not living in the household, sex, age. Respondent´s current memberships (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) , Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft (DAG) , Christlicher Gewerkschaftsbund (CGB) , Union Leitender Angestellter (ULA) , Deutscher Beamtenbund (DBB) , Deutscher Bauernverband , trade association, Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI) , association of a liberal profession, other occupational association; choral society, sports club, leisure activity club, local citizens club or community club, other social association, association of German expellees or refugees, charitable association, religious/church organization, youth or student organization, political party, citizens´ initiative, other club or association); membership status of respondent in various clubs and organizations; previous membership in a trade union. Friends and acquaintances (ego-centered networks), including information on: gender, age, kinship or type of relationship, school education, employment, occupational position, occupational group, voting behavior, current citizenship and country of origin, spatial distance between alter and ego, comparative economic situation; quality and quantity of contacts, mutual familiarity between friends or acquaintances. 21.) Data on the interview (paradata): Date of interview; beginning and end of interview; length of interview; perceived attractiveness of respondent at beginning and end of interview; taken part in how many interviews; willingness to join panel; reachability of respondent; presence of respondent at home during the last few weekdays; willingness to participate; presence of other persons during interview; presence of spouse, partner or children during interview; presence of other relatives during interview; interference of other persons in the course of the interview; willingness to cooperate and reliability of information from respondent; respondent followed interview on screen; frequency of private Internet use; willingness to participate in an on-line survey; number of attempts to contact the respondent; details about respondent´s residential building and assessment of respondent´s neighborhood. Details about the interviewer: gender, age, school education of interviewer; identification number, length of experience as an interviewer. 22.) Added value: Body-Mass-Index; Inglehart-Index; family typology, classification of private households (according to Porst and Funk); International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 1968, 1988); occupational prestige (according to Treiman); Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS, according to Ganzeboom), International Socio-economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI, according to Ganzeboom); magnitude prestige (according to Wegener); occupational metaclassification (according to Pappi and Terwey); class position (according to Goldthorpe); weights.Die Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften (ALLBUS) ist eine Trenderhebung, in der seit 1980 alle zwei Jahre eine Zufallsstichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung befragt wird. Das primäre Ziel des Umfrageprogramms ist die Beobachtung von Einstellungen, Verhalten und sozialen Wandel in Deutschland. Jede ALLBUS-Querschnittserhebung besteht aus ein oder zwei Schwerpunktmodulen zu wechselnden Themen. Diese werden ergänzt durch weitere inhaltliche Fragen und ein Kernmodul mit detaillierten demografischen Informationen. Zudem werden Zusatzinformation zum Interview und den Interviewern bereitgestellt. Die Schwerpunktmodule folgen in der Regel einem 10-jährigen Replikationszyklus, viele Einzelindikatoren und Itembatterien werden aber auch in kürzeren Abständen repliziert. Die ALLBUS Kumulation 1980-2010 versammelt alle Zeitreihen aus dem ALLBUS-Frageprogramm, d.h. der Datensatz enthält Daten für alle Fragen, die in wenigstens zwei der bisher 17 ALLBUS-Umfragen erhoben wurden.1.) Wirtschaft: Beurteilung der aktuellen und zukünftigen Wirtschaftslage in der Bundesrepublik, im eigenen Bundesland und der eigenen Wirtschaftslage. 2.) Politische Einstellungen und Partizipation: Zufriedenheit mit der Bundesregierung, der Landesregierung, der deutschen Demokratie und mit dem Funktionieren des politischen Systems (politische Unterstützung); Selbsteinstufung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politisches Interesse; Parteineigung; Wahlabsicht (Sonntagsfrage); Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Bundestagswahl; Wahlrückerinnerungsfrage; Sympathie-Skalometer für die CDU, CSU, SPD, FDP, Republikaner, NPD, PDS, DKP sowie Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen; Wahrscheinlichkeiten, diverse Parteien zu wählen; politische Partizipation; ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten; Einstellung zur Kernenergie, zur Todesstrafe für Terroristen, zur Privatisierung öffentlicher Betriebe, zur Freigabe von Abtreibung; Demokratie-Skala; Wahrnehmung von Einflussmöglichkeiten auf die Politik (political efficacy, political alienation): bürgerferne Politiker, Selbstvertrauen in Bezug auf politische Gruppenarbeit, zu viel Komplexität in der Politik, Bürgerorientierung der Politiker; politische Kenntnisse des Befragten und des Durchschnittsbürgers; Befähigung der Mehrheit zu politischer Arbeit; Wahlbeteiligung ist Bürgerpflicht; Postmaterialismus (Wichtigkeit von Ruhe und Ordnung, von Bürgereinfluss, von Inflationsbekämpfung und von freier Meinungsäußerung). 3.) Deutsche Vereinigung: Einstellung zur Forderung nach mehr Opferbereitschaft im Westen und mehr Geduld im Osten; Wiedervereinigung ist vorteilhaft für Westen bzw. Osten; Zukunft im Osten hängt von Leistungsbereitschaft der Ostdeutschen ab; wechselseitige Fremdheit der Bürger; Leistungsdruck in den neuen Bundesländern; Einstellung zum Umgang mit individueller Stasi-Vergangenheit; Einschätzung des Sozialismus als Idee. 4.) Soziale Ungleichheit und Wohlfahrtsstaat: Gerechter Anteil am Lebensstandard; Selbsteinschätzung der sozialen Schichtzugehörigkeit und Einstufung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala; Beurteilung des bisherigen Berufserfolgs, Vergleich mit Berufsposition des Vaters und berufliche Erwartung für die Zukunft; perzipierte Stärke von Konflikten zwischen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen; Einstellungen zum deutschen Wirtschaftssystem und Beurteilungen von wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Maßnahmen; Einschätzung gleicher Ausbildungschancen für alle; Voraussetzungen für Erfolg in der Gesellschaft; Einkommensunterschiede als Leistungsanreiz; Akzeptanz von sozialen Unterschieden; Bewertung der eigenen sozialen Sicherung; Haltung zur Ausweitung oder Kürzung von Sozialleistungen, Einstellung zu einer Kürzung des Verteidigungsetats und perzipierte Haltung der Bundesregierung in solchen Fragen. 5.) Vertrauen in öffentliche Einrichtungen und Organisationen: Gesundheitswesen, Bundesverfassungsgericht, Bundestag, Gemeindeverwaltung, Bundeswehr, Kirche, Justiz, Fernsehen, Zeitungswesen, Hochschulen, Bundesregierung, Gewerkschaften, Polizei, Parteien, Arbeitsämter, Rentenversicherung, Arbeitgeberverbände, Kommission der Europäischen Union, Europäisches Parlament, Europäischer Gerichtshof. 6.) Nationalstolz: Stolz auf deutsche Einrichtungen und deutsche Leistungen; Stolz, Deutscher zu sein. 7.) Ethnozentrismus und Minoritäten: Haltungen zum Zuzug von Aussiedlern aus Osteuropa, Asylsuchenden, EU-Arbeitnehmern und Nicht-EU-Arbeitnehmern; Wahrgenommene Konsequenzen der Anwesenheit von Ausländern in Deutschland; Ausländerbehandlung durch Behörden; Wichtigkeitseinstufung verschiedener Einbürgerungsvoraussetzungen; Einstellungsskala und Kontakte zu Ausländern (Split: Gastarbeiter) in der Familie, am Arbeitsplatz und in der Nachbarschaft oder im Freundeskreis; Einstellung zur doppelten Staatsbürgerschaft und zur Rechtsangleichung von Ausländern; perzipierte Stärke des Konflikts zwischen Gastarbeitern und Deutschen; Befürwortung von Islamunterricht an Schulen; Ausländeranteilsschätzung für Ost- und Westdeutschland sowie für die eigene Wohnumgebung; perzipierte Lebensstildifferenzen; Indikatoren für soziale Distanz zu ethischen Minderheiten und Ausländern; Items zum Antisemitismus; Wahrnehmung und Bewertung von diskriminierendem Verhalten gegenüber Ausländern. 8.) Nationale und regionale Verbundenheit: Verbundenheit mit der eigenen Gemeinde, mit dem Bundesland, mit der alten Bundesrepublik bzw. mit der DDR, mit Gesamtdeutschland, sowie mit der EU. 9.) Einstellungen zu Ehe, Familie und Partnerschaft: Familie als Glücksvoraussetzung; Heirat bei dauernder Partnerschaft oder bei Schwangerschaft; ideale Kinderzahl; Einstellung zur Berufstätigkeit von Frauen und Müttern; Wichtigkeit von Erziehungszielen; wichtigste Erziehungsziele der Schule; Einstufung der Wichtigkeit ausgewählter Lernziele für ein Kind; gewünschte Eigenschaften von Kindern; Autoritarismus; Wichtigkeit der Familie. 10.) Abtreibung: Schwangerschaftsabbruch bei gesundheitlichen Gefährdungen von Mutter oder Kind; Abtreibung nach Vergewaltigung, bei sozialer Notlage oder bei ledigen Frauen ohne Heiratswunsch; völlige Freigabe von Abtreibung. 11.) Fragen zum Thema AIDS (HIV): Kenntnis der Krankheit AIDS; wahrgenommene Berichte in den Medien; Einstellung zu höheren Krankenversicherungsbeiträgen für HIV-Infizierte; Einstellung zur Entlassung infizierter Arbeitnehmer und zu einem Einreiseverbot für HIV-infizierte Ausländer; Einstellung zu einer zentralen Meldepflicht; Sorge um eine eigene HIV-Infekt

German General Social Survey - ALLBUScompact - Cumulation 1980-2010

ALLBUScompact is offered as an alternative to the structurally more complex full version of ALLBUS. It addresses the needs of newcomers to data analysis by providing a simplified demography module containing an easily manageable group of the most important demographic indicators. All topical question modules not containing sensitive data are retained as in the ALLBUS full version (scientific use file). For a comprehensive description of study topics please compare Study No. 4576 (ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010) .ALLBUScompact ist als alternative Einsteigerversion (Public Use File) für die komplexer strukturierte Vollversion im Angebot. Speziell für ALLBUScompact wurde dementsprechend ein vereinfachtes Demografiemodul selektiert, das die wichtigsten demografischen Indikatoren in einer übersichtlichen Gruppe vereint. Die sonstigen inhaltlichen Fragemodule, die keine sensitiven Daten enthalten, entsprechen weiterhin vollständig der ALLBUS Vollversion (Scientific Use File). ALLBUScompact eignet sich daher vor allem für Einsteiger in die Datenanalyse. Eine vollständige Beschreibung der inhaltlichen Fragemodule finden Sie unter Studiennummer 4576 (ALLBUS/GGSS 1980-2010)

ALLBUScompact/GGSScompact 1980-2010 (Kumulierte Allgemeine Bevölkerungsumfrage der Sozialwissenschaften/ Cumulated German General Social Survey 1980-2010)

ALLBUScompact ist als alternative Einsteigerversion (Public Use File) für die komplexer strukturierte Vollversion im Angebot. Speziell für ALLBUScompact wurde dementsprechend ein vereinfachtes Demografiemodul selektiert, das die wichtigsten demografischen Indikatoren in einer übersichtlichen Gruppe vereint. Die sonstigen inhaltlichen Fragemodule, die keine sensitiven Daten enthalten, entsprechen weiterhin vollständig der ALLBUS Vollversion (Scientific Use File). ALLBUScompact eignet sich daher vor allem für Einsteiger in die Datenanalyse. Eine vollständige Beschreibung der inhaltlichen Fragemodule finden Sie unter Studiennummer 4574 (ALLBUS 1980-2010)

Where Brain, Body and World Collide

The production cross section of electrons from semileptonic decays of beauty hadrons was measured at mid-rapidity (|y| &lt; 0.8) in the transverse momentum range 1 &lt; pt &lt; 8 Gev/c with the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC in pp collisions at a center of mass energy sqrt{s} = 7 TeV using an integrated luminosity of 2.2 nb^{-1}. Electrons from beauty hadron decays were selected based on the displacement of the decay vertex from the collision vertex. A perturbative QCD calculation agrees with the measurement within uncertainties. The data were extrapolated to the full phase space to determine the total cross section for the production of beauty quark-antiquark pairs