KEDUDUKAN MILKUL YAMÎN DALAM AL-QUR’ÂN PERSPEKTIF TAFSIR IBNU KATSIR

ABSTRAK Masalah kedudukan milkul yamîn masih menjadi polemik di berbagai kalangan masyarakat. Terlebih lagi di berbagai kitab tafsir kalimat milkul yamîn memiliki banyak makna, bahkan di dalam Al�Qur‟ân sendiri kedudukan milkul yamîn dibahas sebanyak 14 kali dengan frasa: mâ malakat aimânukum, mâ malakat aimânuhum, mâ malakat aimânuhunna dan mâ malakat yamînuka. Hal ini pula membuat multi tafsir dikalangan mufassir misalnya Imam Aṭ-Ṭhabarī memahami milkul yamîn sebagai budak perempuan dan berhubungan seksual dengannya melalui akad milik. Sementara, ulama tradisionalis-kontemporer Aḥmad Musṭafa Al-Maragi dan Mahmud Yunus, memahami milkul yamîn sebagai budak perempuan dan berhubungan seksual dengannya melalui akad nikah. Penelitian ini berusaha untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, yakni apa saja makna milkul yamîn dalam Al-Qur‟ân menurut Kitab Tafsir Ibnu Katsir? Bagaimanakah status ikatan milkul yamîn dalam hubungan seksual menurut Tafsir Ibnu Katsir?. Tujuan penelitian dari rumusan masalah di atas adalah untuk mengetahui macam-macam penafsiran Ibnu Katsir terhadap makna milkul yamîn dan mengetahui status ikatan milkul yamîn dalam hubungan seksual. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode tafsir tahlili, metode analisis isi (content analisis), jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan atau Library Research dengan menggunakan data primer yakni Tafsir Ibnu Katsir, Tafsir Al�Qur‟ân Al-„Adzim, karya Ismail bin Umar Al-Quraisyi bin Katsir Al�Bashri Ad-Dimasyqi. Adapun langkah pokok analisis data dalam penelitian ini diawali dengan inventarisasi teks berupa ayat, mengkaji teks, melihat historis ayat dan melihat hadits. Selanjutnya diintreprestasikan secara objektif dan dituangkan secara deskriptif, kemudian ditarik beberapa kesimpulan secara deduktif. Dari proses penelitian makna milkul yamîn berdasarkan Tafsir Ibnu Katsir maka didapatkan hasil bahwa frasa mâ malakat aimânukum ditafsirkan dengan menggunakan beberapa lafadz yakni al-‟abid, al-amat, al�sabyu, al-sarârî, al-mamluk dan al-raqîq. Kemudian status ikatan milkul yamîn dalam hubungan seksual adalah terikat dengan akad pernikahan. Sedangkan pemberlakuan milkul yamîn sudah tidak berlaku lagi untuk zaman sekarang dikarenakan perbudakan sendiri sudah dihapuskan oleh sejarah

Tackling invasive alien species in Europe: The top 20 issues

Globally, Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are considered to be one of the major threats to native biodiversity, with the World Conservation Union (IUCN) citing their impacts as ‘immense, insidious, and usually irreversible’. It is estimated that 11% of the c. 12,000 alien species in Europe are invasive, causing environmental, economic and social damage; and it is reasonable to expect that the rate of biological invasions into Europe will increase in the coming years. In order to assess the current position regarding IAS in Europe and to determine the issues that were deemed to be most important or critical regarding these damaging species, the international Freshwater Invasives - Networking for Strategy (FINS) conference was convened in Ireland in April 2013. Delegates from throughout Europe and invited speakers from around the world were brought together for the conference. These comprised academics, applied scientists, policy makers, politicians, practitioners and representative stakeholder groups. A horizon scanning and issue prioritization approach was used by in excess of 100 expert delegates in a workshop setting to elucidate the Top 20 IAS issues in Europe. These issues do not focus solely on freshwater habitats and taxa but relate also to marine and terrestrial situations. The Top 20 issues that resulted represent a tool for IAS management and should also be used to support policy makers as they prepare European IAS legislation. © 2014 The Author(s)

280 one-opposition near-Earth asteroids recovered by the EURONEAR with the <i>Isaac Newton</i> Telescope

Context. One-opposition near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) are growing in number, and they must be recovered to prevent loss and mismatch risk, and to improve their orbits, as they are likely to be too faint for detection in shallow surveys at future apparitions. Aims. We aimed to recover more than half of the one-opposition NEAs recommended for observations by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) using the Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) in soft-override mode and some fractions of available D-nights. During about 130 h in total between 2013 and 2016, we targeted 368 NEAs, among which 56 potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs), observing 437 INT Wide Field Camera (WFC) fields and recovering 280 NEAs (76% of all targets). Methods. Engaging a core team of about ten students and amateurs, we used the THELI, Astrometrica, and the Find_Orb software to identify all moving objects using the blink and track-and-stack method for the faintest targets and plotting the positional uncertainty ellipse from NEODyS. Results. Most targets and recovered objects had apparent magnitudes centered around V ~ 22.8 mag, with some becoming as faint as V ~ 24 mag. One hundred and three objects (representing 28% of all targets) were recovered by EURONEAR alone by Aug. 2017. Orbital arcs were prolonged typically from a few weeks to a few years; our oldest recoveries reach 16 years. The O−C residuals for our 1854 NEA astrometric positions show that most measurements cluster closely around the origin. In addition to the recovered NEAs, 22 000 positions of about 3500 known minor planets and another 10 000 observations of about 1500 unknown objects (mostly main-belt objects) were promptly reported to the MPC by our team. Four new NEAs were discovered serendipitously in the analyzed fields and were promptly secured with the INT and other telescopes, while two more NEAs were lost due to extremely fast motion and lack of rapid follow-up time. They increase the counting to nine NEAs discovered by the EURONEAR in 2014 and 2015. Conclusions. Targeted projects to recover one-opposition NEAs are efficient in override access, especially using at least two-meter class and preferably larger field telescopes located in good sites, which appear even more efficient than the existing surveys

A large topographic feature on the surface of the trans-Neptunian object (307261) 2002 MS4_4 measured from stellar occultations

This work aims at constraining the size, shape, and geometric albedo of the dwarf planet candidate 2002 MS4 through the analysis of nine stellar occultation events. Using multichord detection, we also studied the object's topography by analyzing the obtained limb and the residuals between observed chords and the best-fitted ellipse. We predicted and organized the observational campaigns of nine stellar occultations by 2002 MS4 between 2019 and 2022, resulting in two single-chord events, four double-chord detections, and three events with three to up to sixty-one positive chords. Using 13 selected chords from the 8 August 2020 event, we determined the global elliptical limb of 2002 MS4. The best-fitted ellipse, combined with the object's rotational information from the literature, constrains the object's size, shape, and albedo. Additionally, we developed a new method to characterize topography features on the object's limb. The global limb has a semi-major axis of 412 $\pm$ 10 km, a semi-minor axis of 385 $\pm$ 17 km, and the position angle of the minor axis is 121 $^\circ$ $\pm$ 16$^\circ$. From this instantaneous limb, we obtained 2002 MS4's geometric albedo and the projected area-equivalent diameter. Significant deviations from the fitted ellipse in the northernmost limb are detected from multiple sites highlighting three distinct topographic features: one 11 km depth depression followed by a 25$^{+4}_{-5}$ km height elevation next to a crater-like depression with an extension of 322 $\pm$ 39 km and 45.1 $\pm$ 1.5 km deep. Our results present an object that is $\approx$138 km smaller in diameter than derived from thermal data, possibly indicating the presence of a so-far unknown satellite. However, within the error bars, the geometric albedo in the V-band agrees with the results published in the literature, even with the radiometric-derived albedo

INTACT: Instant interaction for 3D printed objects

Conference of 34th Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2016 ; Conference Date: 7 May 2016 Through 12 May 2016; Conference Code:121620International audienceThe INTACT platform enables the instant addition of interactivity to any 3D printed object, with the aim of enriching and enhancing the interaction design process. This is achieved by eliminating the need to incorporate potentially obstructive sensor technologies. Using a system of force sensing combined with a digital model of the object the system is capable of detecting a single touch, its position and the corresponding force of that touch anywhere on the object

Quelle stratégie de gestion adopter sur son territoire ?

Quelle stratégie de gestion adopter sur son territoire

Genetic diversity and population structure of the range restricted rock firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis

Understanding the degree of genetic population differentiation is important in conservation genetics for inferring gene flow between populations and for identifying small and isolated threatened populations. We evaluated the genetic variation within and between three populations of the rock firefinch (Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis), a range restricted firefinch endemic to Nigeria and Cameroon. The populations were closely located (c. 100 km apart) within the species' core distribution in Central Nigeria. We found that the populations had similar levels of gene diversities (H (E) ) and low but significant inbreeding coefficients (F (IS) ). Despite the short distance between populations there was a weak but significant population structure, which indicates that the populations are somewhat isolated and affected by drift within the species' core distribution in Nigeria. The knowledge of the genetic status of the rock firefinch will serve as a foundation to future studies to help understand population demography and for managing and maintaining viable populations

Penerapan Model MVC pada Sistem Informasi Pendaftaran Mts Nurul Hikmah Sukabumi

Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah membawa dampak dalam berbagai bidang. Perkembangan teknologi informasi tentunya sangat dibutuhkan oleh semua kalangan, salah satunya yaitu di dunia pendidikan, sehingga menimbulkan persaingan antar seluruh institusi baik negeri maupun swasta. Mts Nurul Hikmah merupakan sebuah Lembaga Pendidikan swasta yang berada di kota Sukabumi. Proses pendaftaran pada Mts Nurul Hikmah masih dilakukan secara konvensional dengan mengisi formulir pendaftaran sehingga calon siswa harus datang langsung ke tempat dan bagian staf administrasi masih mengalami kesulitan dalam hal pencarian data calon siswa, dan laporan calon siswa yang sudah mendaftar pada Mts Nurul Hikmah. Sistem informasi pendaftaran merupakan solusi yang terbaik untuk memecahkan permasalahan-permasalahan yang ada pada Mts Nurul Hikmah, serta dengan sistem yang terkomputerisasi dapat tercapai suatu kegiatan yang efektif dan efisien dalam menunjang aktifitas pada Mts Nurul Hikmah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Prototype. Dengan adanya sistem pendaftaran, dapat mempermudah pengolahan data pendaftaran dan pencarian data calon siswa Mts Nurul Hikmah