Teràpia gènica per neuropatia diabètica mitjançant vectors adeno-associats codificant pel factor de creixement similar a la insulina i (IGF-I)

Descripció del recurs: el 20 de juny de 2011La neuropatia diabètica és una de les complicacions més freqüents de la Diabetis Mellitus. És una patologia del sistema nerviós perifèric que causa una incapacitat progressiva important de la funció motora i sensorial en els individus que la pateixen. L'afectació nerviosa es distingeix per una degeneració progressiva de les fibres nervioses i un retard en el procés de regeneració de les fibres danyades. Els símptomes de la neuropatia inclouen pèrdua de sensibilitat, rigidesa, coïssor i en ocasions dolor als peus i mans. La teràpia intensiva amb insulina redueix la incidència de les complicacions de la diabetis però els pacients diabètics continuen desenvolupant neuropatia diabètica a llarg plaç. Els tractaments actuals per la neuropatia diabètica no són efectius i estan orientats principalment a pal·liar el dolor neuropàtic. La teràpia gènica podria ser un tractament alternatiu per aquesta patologia. Els vectors Adeno-associats són uns dels vectors de teràpia gènica interessants per assajos clínics en humans, ja que són capaços de dirigir l'expressió del transgen a llarg plaç, mantenint-se de forma episomal a la cèl·lula hoste. A més no presenten toxicitat associada al virus silvestre, el que augmenta la bioseguretat d'aquests vectors i es poden produir a títols alts. La recent descripció de nous serotips de vectors Adeno-associats, els quals entren a les cèl·lules humanes mitjançant diferents receptors cel·lulars, ha obert la possibilitat de delimitar selectivament la infecció de diferents tipus cel·lulars dins d'un mateix òrgan. Amb la finalitat de caracteritzar vectors com a eines de teràpia gènica eficients per neuropatia diabètica es van utilitzar els serotips AAV1 i AAVrh10 per infectar cultius organotípics de ganglis de l'arrel dorsal (DRG) de ratolí. Ambdós vectors van mostrar un tropisme preferencial per neurones sensorials petites, correlacionant després amb el tipus de neurones transduïdes més eficientment mitjançant injecció intratecal in vivo en ratolins. L'estabilitat dels vectors AAV1 i AAVrh10 in vivo es va confirmar fins a setmana 10, duració màxima de l'experiment. No obstant l'eficiència d'AAVrh10 era molt superior a la d'AAV1 tant a neurones sensorials com motores, aconseguint un percentatge de transducció al voltant del 50% en DRG i del 30% en motoneurones amb el serotip rh10. A més a més, s'ha demostrat que AAV1 és més immunogènic que AAVrh10 quan s'injecten a líquid cefaloraquidi, doncs l'administració d'AAV1 genera un títol molt més elevat d'anticossos neutralitzants en sang contra aquest serotip. Com a assaig preclínic de teràpia gènica es van administrar els vectors AAV1 i AAVrh10 codificant per el factor de creixement similar a la insulina I (IGF-I) o codificant per la proteïna GFP com a control, en el líquid cefaloraquidi d'un model murí per neuropatia diabètica, que combina diabetis induïda amb estreptozotozina (STZ) junt amb lesió a nervi ciàtic (crush). IGF-I és un factor de creixement que juga un paper important en la supervivència i diferenciació de neurones, oligodendròcits i cèl·lules de Schwann i també en la formació de la mielina. Aquest factor de creixement ha estat utilitzat com a tractament d'una gran varietat de patologies del sistema nerviós, incloent neuropaties diverses, degut a la seva acció com a potent agent en la supervivència i diferenciació cel·lular. L'anàlisi molecular dels nervis perifèrics dels animals tractats amb AAV-IGF-I mostrava un augment de l'expressió del gen terapèutic IGF-I, que correlacionava amb l'activació de la via de senyalització d'aquest factor de creixement, així com dels gens implicats en la regeneració (GAP43) o els gens relacionats amb la mielina (P0, PMP22, MAG, MBP), en comparació amb els animals control. A diferència d'AAV1, AAVrh10 mostrava expressió del transgen també en neurones motores de la medul·la espinal. La correlació entre les dades bioquímiques obtingudes i els tests neurofisiològics realitzats en els animals injectats amb AAV-IGF-I, va permetre observar una millora de la velocitat de conducció nerviosa sensorial en els animals tractats amb AAV1-IGF-I i una millora de la velocitat de conducció nerviosa sensorial i motora en els animals transduïts amb AAVrh10-IGF-I, respecte els animals diabètics control. Per tant, l'administració intratecal dels vectors AAV1 i principalment AAVrh10 codificant per IGF-I ofereixen una visió prometedora pel tractament o prevenció de les neuropaties perifèriques, en general, i de la neuropatia diabètica, en concret.Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. It is a peripheral nervous system disease that causes a progressive inability of sensory and motor nerve function in diabetic patients. Abnormalities are characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve fibres and a delay in the regeneration process of damaged fibres. Symptoms of neuropathy include loss of sensitivity, stiffness, burning sensation and sometimes pain in feet and hands. Intensive insulin therapy reduces the incidence of complications in diabetic patients but diabetic neuropathy continues to develop at long-term. Current treatments for diabetic neuropathy are not effective and are targeted primarily to alleviate neuropathic pain. Gene therapy could be an alternative treatment for this disease. Adeno-associated (AAV) vectors are interesting gene therapy vectors for human clinical trials since they are capable of directing expression of the transgene in the long term, maintained as episomal in the host cell nuclei. Besides, they do not show toxicity associated with wild-type virus, which increases the bio-safety of these vectors, and they can be produced at high titters in the laboratory. The recent description of new serotypes of adeno-associated vectors, which enter the human cells by different cellular receptors, has opened the possibility to selectively infect particular cell types in a defined organ. In order to characterize AAV vectors as tools for gene therapy for diabetic neuropathy, AAV1 and AAVrh10 serotypes were used to infect organotypic cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Both vectors showed a preferential tropism for small sensory neurons, correlating with the type of neurons more efficiently transduced by intrathecal injection in mice. The stability of AAV1 and AAVrh10 vectors in vivo were confirmed up to 10 weeks, maximum duration of the experiments. However, AAVrh10 efficiency was significantly higher than AAV1, both in motor and sensory neurons, reaching transduction levels of about 50% in DRG neurons and 30% in motoneurons with serotype rh10. In addition, we have demonstrated that AAV1 is more immunogenic than AAVrh10 when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, as administration of AAV1 generates significantly higher titre of circulating neutralizing antibodies against this serotype in blood. As a preclinical trial of gene therapy, was administered AAV1 and AAVrh10 vectors coding for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or for green fluorescent protein (GFP), as a control, in the cerebrospinal fluid of a mouse model for diabetic neuropathy, combining streptozotozin-induced diabetes with sciatic nerve injury (crush). IGF-I is a growth factor that plays an important role in the survival and differentiation of neurons, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and in the formation of myelin. This growth factor has been used to treat a variety of diseases affecting the nervous system, including various neuropathies, due to its role in cell differentiation and survival. Molecular analysis of the peripheral nerves of animals treated with AAV-IGF-I showed increased expression of the therapeutic gene, IGF-I, which correlates with activation of the signalling pathway of this growth factor and genes involved in regeneration (GAP43) or myelin-related genes (P0, PMP22, MAG, MBP), compared with control animals. Unlike AAV1, AAVrh10 also showed expression of the transgene in motor neurons of the spinal cord. The correlation between data obtained from biochemical and neurophysiological tests conducted in animals injected with AAV-IGF-I, showed an improvement in sensory nerve conduction velocity in mice treated with AAV1-IGF-I and improved motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in animals transduced with AAVrh10-IGF-I, compared to control diabetic animals. Therefore, intrathecal administration of AAV1 and, mainly, AAVrh10 vectors coding for IGF-I offer a promising approach for the treatment or prevention of peripheral neuropathies, in general, and diabetic neuropathy, in particular

Impacto de una intervención educativa nutricional para pacientes en hemodiálisis medido mediante la escala Malnutrición Inflamación y la bioimpedancia eléctrica

Introducción: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis pueden presentar alteraciones en su composición corporal, para ello las unidades de nefrología cuentan con herramientas, como son la bioimpedancia y la escala “Malnutrition Inflamation Score” para prevenir, detectar y diagnosticar estados de desnutrición. Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa sobre el estado nutricional de los pacientes en hemodiálisis, medido mediante la escala Malnutrición Inflamación y la bioimpedancia. Material y Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental realizado en 48 pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, de composición corporal de los pacientes en dos mediciones, mediante bioimpedancia y escala de malnutrición MIS. Los pacientes que presentaron una puntuación de la escala MIS≥6 recibieron una intervención nutricional, evaluándolos nuevamente a los 6 meses. Resultados: La media de edad fue de 69,9±13,6 años, 29 (60,41%) eran hombres. Los pacientes llevaban en tratamiento con hemodiálisis una mediana de tiempo de 24(P25:10,3-P75:59,3) meses. Los pacientes que presentaron valores de la escala MIS≥6 fueron 24(50%), recibiendo la intervención educativa. En los pacientes que no recibieron la intervención el resultado MIS empeoró a los 6 meses (3,4 vs 5,4, p=0,002). Conclusiones: Aquellas personas que no recibieron una intervención educativa empeoraron sus resultados nutricionales frente a quienes si la recibieron. Cabe destacar la importancia de utilizar de forma sistematizada instrumentos validados, como la bioimpedancia y la escala MIS, para hacer un seguimiento del estado nutricional de los pacientes en hemodiálisis

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Teràpia gènica per neuropatia diabètica mitjançant vectors adeno-associats codificant pel factor de creixement similar a la insulina i (IGF-I)

La neuropatia diabètica és una de les complicacions més freqüents de la Diabetis Mellitus. És una patologia del sistema nerviós perifèric que causa una incapacitat progressiva important de la funció motora i sensorial en els individus que la pateixen. L'afectació nerviosa es distingeix per una degeneració progressiva de les fibres nervioses i un retard en el procés de regeneració de les fibres danyades. Els símptomes de la neuropatia inclouen pèrdua de sensibilitat, rigidesa, coïssor i en ocasions dolor als peus i mans. La teràpia intensiva amb insulina redueix la incidència de les complicacions de la diabetis però els pacients diabètics continuen desenvolupant neuropatia diabètica a llarg plaç. Els tractaments actuals per la neuropatia diabètica no són efectius i estan orientats principalment a pal·liar el dolor neuropàtic. La teràpia gènica podria ser un tractament alternatiu per aquesta patologia. Els vectors Adeno-associats són uns dels vectors de teràpia gènica interessants per assajos clínics en humans, ja que són capaços de dirigir l'expressió del transgen a llarg plaç, mantenint-se de forma episomal a la cèl·lula hoste. A més no presenten toxicitat associada al virus silvestre, el que augmenta la bioseguretat d'aquests vectors i es poden produir a títols alts. La recent descripció de nous serotips de vectors Adeno-associats, els quals entren a les cèl·lules humanes mitjançant diferents receptors cel·lulars, ha obert la possibilitat de delimitar selectivament la infecció de diferents tipus cel·lulars dins d'un mateix òrgan. Amb la finalitat de caracteritzar vectors com a eines de teràpia gènica eficients per neuropatia diabètica es van utilitzar els serotips AAV1 i AAVrh10 per infectar cultius organotípics de ganglis de l'arrel dorsal (DRG) de ratolí. Ambdós vectors van mostrar un tropisme preferencial per neurones sensorials petites, correlacionant després amb el tipus de neurones transduïdes més eficientment mitjançant injecció intratecal in vivo en ratolins. L'estabilitat dels vectors AAV1 i AAVrh10 in vivo es va confirmar fins a setmana 10, duració màxima de l'experiment. No obstant l'eficiència d'AAVrh10 era molt superior a la d'AAV1 tant a neurones sensorials com motores, aconseguint un percentatge de transducció al voltant del 50% en DRG i del 30% en motoneurones amb el serotip rh10. A més a més, s'ha demostrat que AAV1 és més immunogènic que AAVrh10 quan s'injecten a líquid cefaloraquidi, doncs l'administració d'AAV1 genera un títol molt més elevat d'anticossos neutralitzants en sang contra aquest serotip. Com a assaig preclínic de teràpia gènica es van administrar els vectors AAV1 i AAVrh10 codificant per el factor de creixement similar a la insulina I (IGF-I) o codificant per la proteïna GFP com a control, en el líquid cefaloraquidi d'un model murí per neuropatia diabètica, que combina diabetis induïda amb estreptozotozina (STZ) junt amb lesió a nervi ciàtic (crush). IGF-I és un factor de creixement que juga un paper important en la supervivència i diferenciació de neurones, oligodendròcits i cèl·lules de Schwann i també en la formació de la mielina. Aquest factor de creixement ha estat utilitzat com a tractament d'una gran varietat de patologies del sistema nerviós, incloent neuropaties diverses, degut a la seva acció com a potent agent en la supervivència i diferenciació cel·lular. L'anàlisi molecular dels nervis perifèrics dels animals tractats amb AAV-IGF-I mostrava un augment de l'expressió del gen terapèutic IGF-I, que correlacionava amb l'activació de la via de senyalització d'aquest factor de creixement, així com dels gens implicats en la regeneració (GAP43) o els gens relacionats amb la mielina (P0, PMP22, MAG, MBP), en comparació amb els animals control. A diferència d'AAV1, AAVrh10 mostrava expressió del transgen també en neurones motores de la medul·la espinal. La correlació entre les dades bioquímiques obtingudes i els tests neurofisiològics realitzats en els animals injectats amb AAV-IGF-I, va permetre observar una millora de la velocitat de conducció nerviosa sensorial en els animals tractats amb AAV1-IGF-I i una millora de la velocitat de conducció nerviosa sensorial i motora en els animals transduïts amb AAVrh10-IGF-I, respecte els animals diabètics control. Per tant, l'administració intratecal dels vectors AAV1 i principalment AAVrh10 codificant per IGF-I ofereixen una visió prometedora pel tractament o prevenció de les neuropaties perifèriques, en general, i de la neuropatia diabètica, en concret.Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus. It is a peripheral nervous system disease that causes a progressive inability of sensory and motor nerve function in diabetic patients. Abnormalities are characterized by progressive degeneration of nerve fibres and a delay in the regeneration process of damaged fibres. Symptoms of neuropathy include loss of sensitivity, stiffness, burning sensation and sometimes pain in feet and hands. Intensive insulin therapy reduces the incidence of complications in diabetic patients but diabetic neuropathy continues to develop at long-term. Current treatments for diabetic neuropathy are not effective and are targeted primarily to alleviate neuropathic pain. Gene therapy could be an alternative treatment for this disease. Adeno-associated (AAV) vectors are interesting gene therapy vectors for human clinical trials since they are capable of directing expression of the transgene in the long term, maintained as episomal in the host cell nuclei. Besides, they do not show toxicity associated with wild-type virus, which increases the bio-safety of these vectors, and they can be produced at high titters in the laboratory. The recent description of new serotypes of adeno-associated vectors, which enter the human cells by different cellular receptors, has opened the possibility to selectively infect particular cell types in a defined organ. In order to characterize AAV vectors as tools for gene therapy for diabetic neuropathy, AAV1 and AAVrh10 serotypes were used to infect organotypic cultures of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Both vectors showed a preferential tropism for small sensory neurons, correlating with the type of neurons more efficiently transduced by intrathecal injection in mice. The stability of AAV1 and AAVrh10 vectors in vivo were confirmed up to 10 weeks, maximum duration of the experiments. However, AAVrh10 efficiency was significantly higher than AAV1, both in motor and sensory neurons, reaching transduction levels of about 50% in DRG neurons and 30% in motoneurons with serotype rh10. In addition, we have demonstrated that AAV1 is more immunogenic than AAVrh10 when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, as administration of AAV1 generates significantly higher titre of circulating neutralizing antibodies against this serotype in blood. As a preclinical trial of gene therapy, was administered AAV1 and AAVrh10 vectors coding for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or for green fluorescent protein (GFP), as a control, in the cerebrospinal fluid of a mouse model for diabetic neuropathy, combining streptozotozin-induced diabetes with sciatic nerve injury (crush). IGF-I is a growth factor that plays an important role in the survival and differentiation of neurons, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells and in the formation of myelin. This growth factor has been used to treat a variety of diseases affecting the nervous system, including various neuropathies, due to its role in cell differentiation and survival. Molecular analysis of the peripheral nerves of animals treated with AAV-IGF-I showed increased expression of the therapeutic gene, IGF-I, which correlates with activation of the signalling pathway of this growth factor and genes involved in regeneration (GAP43) or myelin-related genes (P0, PMP22, MAG, MBP), compared with control animals. Unlike AAV1, AAVrh10 also showed expression of the transgene in motor neurons of the spinal cord. The correlation between data obtained from biochemical and neurophysiological tests conducted in animals injected with AAV-IGF-I, showed an improvement in sensory nerve conduction velocity in mice treated with AAV1-IGF-I and improved motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity in animals transduced with AAVrh10-IGF-I, compared to control diabetic animals. Therefore, intrathecal administration of AAV1 and, mainly, AAVrh10 vectors coding for IGF-I offer a promising approach for the treatment or prevention of peripheral neuropathies, in general, and diabetic neuropathy, in particular

Intrathecal administration of IGF-I by AAVrh10 improves sensory and motor deficits in a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy

Different adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes efficiently transduce neurons from central and peripheral nervous systems through various administration routes. Direct administration of the vectors to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be an efficient and safe strategy. Here, we show that lumbar puncture of a nonhuman AAV leads to wide and stable distribution of the vector along the spinal cord in adult mice. AAVrh10 efficiently and specifically infects neurons, both in dorsal root ganglia (60% total sensory neurons) and in the spinal cord (up to one-third of α-motor neurons). As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the efficacy of AAVrh10 in a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy, in which intrathecal delivery of the vector coding for insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) favored the release of the therapeutic protein into the CSF through its expression by sensory and motor neurons. IGF-I–treated diabetic animals showed increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression, activation of Akt/PI3K pathway, and stimulated nerve regeneration and myelination in injured limbs. Moreover, we achieved restoration of nerve conduction velocities in both sensory and motor nerves by AAVrh10, whereas we reached only sensory nerve improvement with AAV1. Our results indicate that intrathecal injection of AAVrh10 is a promising tool to design gene therapy approaches for sensorimotor diseases

Natural polyphenolic coffee extract administration relieves chronic nociplastic pain in a reserpine‐induced fibromyalgia‐like female mouse model

Abstract Introduction Nociplastic pain involves reflexive and nonreflexive pain responses and it is a core symptom of fibromyalgia (FM). The increasing prevalence of this health condition and the low rates of patients’ quality of life, combined with the lack of suitable pharmacologic treatments, evidence the demand to research new alternatives. Polyphenols may be potential therapeutic candidates as they have been reported to exert pathological pain modulation in preclinical models. In that context, this work was aimed to study the antinociceptive effects of a polyphenolic extract obtained from decaffeinated ground roasted coffee, in the RIM6 FM‐like mouse model. Methods To this end, RIM6 adult ICR‐CD1 female mice were administered daily once a week with either 10 or 15 mg/kg of extract, and reflexive pain responses were evaluated for up to 3 weeks. At the end, the depressive‐like behavior was assessed as a nonreflexive pain response, and spinal cord and serum samples were collected for immunohistochemical and toxicological analyses. Results These findings showed that the repeated administration of the coffee polyphenolic extract (CE) modulated reflexive pain responses, depressive‐like behavior, and spinal cord gliosis in a dose‐dependent manner, without signs of systemic toxicity. Conclusion Thus, the CE may be a potential pharmacological treatment suitable to relieve nociplastic pain responses characteristic of FM

Neuroplasticity of Supraspinal Structures Associated with Pathological Pain

Peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries, along with other painful syndromes such as fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapeutic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, and/or irritable bowel syndrome, cause several neuroplasticity changes in the nervous system along its entire axis affecting the different neuronal nuclei. This paper reviews these changes, focusing on the supraspinal structures that are involved in the modulation and processing of pain, including the periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, locus coeruleus, rostral ventromedial medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, habenula, primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, mammillary bodies, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, cingulated and prefrontal cortex. Hyperexcitability caused by the modification of postsynaptic receptor expression, central sensitization and potentiation of presynaptic delivery of neurotransmitters, as well as the reduction of inhibitory inputs, changes in dendritic spine, neural circuit remodeling, alteration of gray matter, and upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. cytokines) by reactivation of astrocytes and microglial cells are the main functional, structural and molecular neuroplasticity changes observed in the above supraspinal structures, associated with pathological pain. Studying these changes in greater depth may lead to the implementation and improvement of new therapeutic strategies against pathological pai

Intrathecal Administration of IGF-I by AAVrh10 Improves Sensory and Motor Deficits in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Neuropathy

Altres ajuts: G.P. and L.A. from the Generalitat de Catalunya: 2009FI_B00219 and 2006FI00762, respectively). A.B. was a beneficiary of the Ramon y Cajal Program. This work was supported by the Marató TV3 (110432 to A.B. and C.C.) and the UAB (EME04-07).Different adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes efficiently transduce neurons from central and peripheral nervous systems through various administration routes. Direct administration of the vectors to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be an efficient and safe strategy. Here, we show that lumbar puncture of a nonhuman AAV leads to wide and stable distribution of the vector along the spinal cord in adult mice. AAVrh10 efficiently and specifically infects neurons, both in dorsal root ganglia (60% total sensory neurons) and in the spinal cord (up to one-third of α-motor neurons). As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the efficacy of AAVrh10 in a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy, in which intrathecal delivery of the vector coding for insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) favored the release of the therapeutic protein into the CSF through its expression by sensory and motor neurons. IGF-I-treated diabetic animals showed increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression, activation of Akt/PI3K pathway, and stimulated nerve regeneration and myelination in injured limbs. Moreover, we achieved restoration of nerve conduction velocities in both sensory and motor nerves by AAVrh10, whereas we reached only sensory nerve improvement with AAV1. Our results indicate that intrathecal injection of AAVrh10 is a promising tool to design gene therapy approaches for sensorimotor diseases

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union