Statistical summary representations are perceived but not grasped.

A statistical summary representation (SSR) is a phenomenon wherein a target property (e.g., size) is encoded based on the average of the stimulus-set to which it belongs. Here, I examined method of adjustment (MoA), visually and memory-guided grasping tasks in separate blocks in which differently sized targets (i.e., 20 30 and 40 mm) were presented with equal frequency (control weighing condition) and when the 20 mm and 40 mm targets were asymmetrically presented (i.e., small-target and large-target weighting conditions). The weighting conditions were used to determine whether the different tasks are influenced by an SSR. In the MoA task, responses for the small- and large-target weighting conditions were biased in the direction of the most frequently presented target in the stimulus-set. In contrast, grip apertures for visually and memory-guided grasps were refractory to the different weighting conditions. Accordingly, an SSR influences perceptions but not goal-directed grasping

Focused Ethnography in Health Sciences Research: A Review Article

Introduction: Focused ethnography is a distinct type of sociological ethnography which particularly is predominantly used in applied health studies. Considering Due to the application of focused ethnography in clinical research and lack of Persian sources for this research methodology, this study was conducted to provide a comprehensive thorough explanation of focused ethnography based on the available resources. Method: This paper is a traditional review of 21 articles and 17 books in relation toon focused ethnography which have been published between 1979 and 2015. These documents have beenwere retrieved from databases including ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed as well as relevant books using keywords of qualitative research, ethnography, and focused ethnography. and Then, they have beenwere analyzedsed in terms of major themes and common concepts. In this review, English articles, which included certain English search terms in their title or keyword section, were evaluated. Results: Focused ethnography investigates the relationship between cultural beliefs and health behaviors and instead of exploring large cultural groups and ethnicities focusesd on the shared behaviours and experiences of small groups. In focused ethnographic methodsstudies, data are collected through semi-structured interviews and observation combined with field notes, cultural and /personal interactions, and the use of demographic data sheets. The analysis of the data started was conducted simultaneously with data collection. Conclusion: Generally, focused ethnography is a methodology to of building background knowledge in order to take the required measures to design therapeutic interventions in line with the culture of a society, and consequently, improveing public health. Keywords: Ethnography, Focused ethnography, Qualitative study, Health sciences research

CO2 sequestration using red gypsum via pH-swing process : Effect of carbonation temperature and NH4HCO3 on the process efficiency

The authors would like to appreciate the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran for the provision of the laboratory facilities necessary for completing this work. We would also like to thank Dr. Peter Dunning from University of Aberdeen for English proofreading of this manuscript.Peer reviewedPostprin

A Soft Optimization Model to Solve Space Allocation Problems in Breakbulk Terminals

In recent decades, freight transportation systems have been developed rapidly. This development leads to using various policies to enhance system utilization. The studies show that an optimized policy related to space allocation benefits the shareholders in freight transportations. The objective of space allocation problems is to find the best arrangement of cargos in warehouse cells to meet the problem aims. In this paper, inspired by the Office Space Allocation problem, we developed a novel model to minimize the handling costs and to maximize available spaces for the next arriving cargo. We first formulate the optimization model and discuss various constraints. We then present an approach to solve the proposed model. Lastly, we analyze a numerical example derived from the data of Port of Beaumont to illustrate the efficiency of the model

Predicting the price of second-hand vehicles using data mining techniques

The electronic commerce, known as “E-commerce”, has been boosted rapidly in recent years, and makes it possible to record all information such as price, location, customer’s review, search history, discount options, competitor’s price, and so on. Accessing to such rich source of data, companies can analyze their users’ behavior to improve the customer satisfaction as well as the revenue. This study aims to estimate the price of used light vehicles in a commercial website, Divar, which is a popular website in Iran for trading second-handed goods. At first, highlighted features were extracted from the description column using the three methods of Bag of Words (BOW), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), and Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP). Second, a multiple linear regression model was fit to predict the product price based on its attributes and the highlighted features. The accuracy index of Actuals-Predictions Correlation, the min-max index, and MAPE methods were used to validate the proposed methods. Results showed that the BOW model is the best model with an Adjusted R-square of 0.7841

THE PREVALENCE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA AND ITS PENICILLIN RESISTANCE PATTERN IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS OLD FROM SHAHREKORD, IRAN, 2007

Background and aim: Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of community aquired bacterial respiratory tract infection. It is also a major cause of acute otitis media, bacteremia and meningitis. There is little information on antibiotics susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumonia in Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of throat carrier and penicillin resistant pattern of Streptococcus pneumonia in children with less than five years old who referred to health centers in Shahrekord. Methods: This descriptive – analytic study was carried out from May to September 2007 in Shahrekord. A total of 224 healthy children, age less than 5 years in health care center in Shahrekord city were studied. Pharyngeal samples were collected by sterile swabs and then inoculated on selected media. After 24hr incubation microbiological tests were performed and then Streptococcus pneumonia was recovered by Optochin test. Data were analyzed using Mann Whitney test. Results: 38 out of 224 children (17%), were carriers of Streptococcus pneumonia and its resistance to penicillin was 28.9%. There was significant relationship between age and sex and susceptibility pattern in the children (P<0.05). Conclusion: Penicillin is still an appropriate agent for treatment in Streptococcus pneumonia in our population

Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Moradi-Lakeh M, Forouzanfar MH, Vollset SE, et al. Burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1990–2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2017;76(8):annrheumdis-2016-210146

Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: The number of individuals living with dementia is increasing, negatively affecting families, communities, and health-care systems around the world. A successful response to these challenges requires an accurate understanding of the dementia disease burden. We aimed to present the first detailed analysis of the global prevalence, mortality, and overall burden of dementia as captured by the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study 2016, and highlight the most important messages for clinicians and neurologists. METHODS: GBD 2016 obtained data on dementia from vital registration systems, published scientific literature and surveys, and data from health-service encounters on deaths, excess mortality, prevalence, and incidence from 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016, through systematic review and additional data-seeking efforts. To correct for differences in cause of death coding across time and locations, we modelled mortality due to dementia using prevalence data and estimates of excess mortality derived from countries that were most likely to code deaths to dementia relative to prevalence. Data were analysed by standardised methods to estimate deaths, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; computed as the sum of YLLs and YLDs), and the fractions of these metrics that were attributable to four risk factors that met GBD criteria for assessment (high body-mass index [BMI], high fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and a diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages). FINDINGS: In 2016, the global number of individuals who lived with dementia was 43·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 37·8-51·0), increased from 20.2 million (17·4-23·5) in 1990. This increase of 117% (95% UI 114-121) contrasted with a minor increase in age-standardised prevalence of 1·7% (1·0-2·4), from 701 cases (95% UI 602-815) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 712 cases (614-828) per 100 000 population in 2016. More women than men had dementia in 2016 (27·0 million, 95% UI 23·3-31·4, vs 16.8 million, 14.4-19.6), and dementia was the fifth leading cause of death globally, accounting for 2·4 million (95% UI 2·1-2·8) deaths. Overall, 28·8 million (95% UI 24·5-34·0) DALYs were attributed to dementia; 6·4 million (95% UI 3·4-10·5) of these could be attributed to the modifiable GBD risk factors of high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, smoking, and a high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages. INTERPRETATION: The global number of people living with dementia more than doubled from 1990 to 2016, mainly due to increases in population ageing and growth. Although differences in coding for causes of death and the heterogeneity in case-ascertainment methods constitute major challenges to the estimation of the burden of dementia, future analyses should improve on the methods for the correction of these biases. Until breakthroughs are made in prevention or curative treatment, dementia will constitute an increasing challenge to health-care systems worldwide