Submerged vanes turbulence : experimental analysis

Experimental study was conducted to analyze the physical flow turbulence and sediment distribution with submerged vane. The objectives behind the investigation were verified and compare results with the Odgaard theory, also; achieved to measure vertical pressures acting on both sides of submerged vane, calculate lift and drag forces, lift and drag coefficients experimentally, that the theory of Odgaard was fails to predict satisfactorily. Other motivation of the study was investigates experimentally the hydrodynamic characterization of submerged vanes as; velocities fields, circulation, vorticity, bed topography, pressures, drag and lift forces with its coefficients, study physical fluid turbulence of submerged vanes as; Reynolds normal and shear stresses, turbulent kinetic energy and rate of dissipation, turbulence intensities, Kolmogorov scales, kinetic energy spectrum, turbulent velocities fields, fluctuating velocities and finally Reynolds stresses histograms. Tests were conducted with clear water was transported throughout the re-circulated rectangular channel with cross-section 7.5 m long, 2.52 m wide channel with a bed consisting of 50 cm thick layer of sand with a median diameter of 1.6-mm and a geometric standard deviation of 1.36. Velocities were measured with a 7 Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter ADV, which were calibrated and checked periodically, depths and water surface elevations were measured with a gauge that could be read with an error of less than 0.3 mm. The current meter, gauges were mounted on a movable instrument sliding carriage, which rode on rails a top of the channel walls, on a traversing mechanism, which enabled them to be positioned at any desired location in the channel. Positioning and data sampling were controlled from a computer program. The water surface elevations were used to determine water surface slope S and Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f=8gRS/u_o^2, where uo = undisturbed (pre-vane) cross-sectional-averaged velocity. In all tests, uo=0.2867 m/s, and the discharge Q=116,62 l/s =0.11662 m^3/s. The vanes were made of 14 mm-thick PVC sheet, they were rectangular in shape, with height H = 7 cm = 0.4337d, and length L = 25 cm = 3.571H. In all tests, the vanes were placed at an angle of attack of 20 degrees with the channel centerline. Water depth was 0.1614 m, pre-vane water surface slope, friction factor and geometric standard deviation, sg, were 1.6×10^(-3), 0.045 and 1.36 respectively. The Vectrinos were been calibrated to work at 25Hz and for each position taken data for 4 minutes, a sample volume that is located approximately 4.3 mm of the device. For each position there are seven Vectrinos 10 cm distance from one to other taking data, so data recorded 7 points at the same time. Data recorded were taking on about 24.080 points on whole the sectional cross channel, with the aim to measure the velocities once the channel-bed has reached to the permanent regime or steady state (equilibrium), during the measurements of velocities, we has taken the bed topography (bathymetry) of the channel-bed by using ADV. In the current dissertation, we installed 30 piezometers in each side of Vane. Once obtained the experimental pressures measured at the laboratory on both sides of vane, the pressure difference between vane sides (¿P), and the perpendicular resultant force (FR¿) acting on the vane, first calculated the resultant force between drag and lift components (FR), then we used this force to calculate drag force FD and lift force FL, also calculated Drag coefficient CD, and finally we calculated the Lift coefficient CL. Results, includes submerged vanes turbulence statistics as; Probability distribution of the velocity field, Reynolds stresses, Turbulence intensity, Kinetic and Dissipation energy, and finally, Kolmogorov turbulence scales. Other results contain energy spectrum, turbulent velocities fields, fluctuating velocities and Reynolds stresses histograms.El estudio experimental se ha llevado a cabo para analizar el funcionamiento, la turbulencia del flujo y el transporte de sedimentos con paneles sumergidos. Los objetivos tras la investigación fueron verificados y comparados con los resultados de la teoría de Odgaard, también; se han medido las presiones verticales que actúan sobre ambos lados de los paneles sumergidos, se han calculado las fuerzas de drag y lift y, sus coeficientes experimentalmente, ya que la teoría de Odgaard no pudo predecirlas satisfactoriamente. Otra motivación del estudio, fue investigar experimentalmente la caracterización hidrodinámica de los paneles sumergidos como; distribución de velocidades, circulación, vorticidad, topografía del fondo, presiones, fuerzas de drag y lift y sus coeficientes, tensiones de Reynolds, energía cinética turbulenta y disipación turbulenta, intensidades de turbulencia, escalas de Kolmogorov, espectro de energía cinética, campos de velocidades turbulentas, velocidades fluctuantes y finalmente, histogramas de las tensiones de Reynolds. Se realizaron pruebas en aguas claras, a lo largo de un canal rectangular con una sección de 7.5 m de largo, 2.52 m de ancho y un espesor de 50 cm de arena de 1.6 mm de diámetro medio y una desviación geométrica de 1.36. Las velocidades fueron medidas con 7 Acoustic Doppler velocímeter ADV, las que fueron calibradas y revisadas periódicamente, las profundidades y las alturas de superficie de agua fueron medidas con un limnímetro que puede leerse con un error de menos de 0.3 mm. Los paneles fueron construidos con placas de PVC de 14 mm de espesor, de forma rectangular, con altura H = 7 cm = 0.4337d y longitud L = 25 cm = 3.571H. En todos los ensayos, los paneles se colocaron con un ángulo de ataque al flujo de 20 grados con la línea central del canal. El calado del agua es de 0.1614 m, la pendiente superficie, el factor de fricción y la desviación geométrica, fueron, 0.045 y 1.36 respectivamente. Los Vectrinos se han calibrado para trabajar a 25Hz y con un volumen de control de 4.3 mm, para cada posición se tomaron datos durante 4 minutos. Para cada posición hay siete Vectrinos con una distancia de 10 cm entre ellos, registrando por lo tanto 7 puntos al mismo tiempo. Los datos registrados fueron alrededor de 24,080 puntos en toda la sección del canal, con el objetivo de medir las velocidades una vez los sedimentos en el canal han alcanzado el régimen permanente o estacionario (equilibrio), durante las mediciones de las velocidades, se ha medido la topografía del fondo (batimetría) mediante el uso de los sensores ADV. La tesis actual, ha desarrollado un sistema para medir la presión vertical que actúa sobre ambas caras del panel, se instalaron 30 piezómetros de plástico en cada lado del panel. Una vez obtenida la presión experimental medida en el laboratorio a ambos lados del panel, se halla la diferencia de presión entre los dos lados, y la fuerza perpendicular resultante actuando sobre el panel, primero se calculó la fuerza resultante entre los dos componentes de drag y lift, para utilizarla después en el cálculo de la fuerza del drag FD y lift FL, así como el coeficiente de arrastre CD, y finalmente se calculó el coeficiente de lift CL. Los resultados de turbulencia incluyen; Distribución de probabilidad de la distribución de velocidades, tensiones de Reynolds, intensidad turbulenta, energía cinética y disipación. Finalmente, escalas de turbulencia de Kolmogorov. Otros resultados contienen el espectro de energía, campos de velocidades turbulentas, velocidades fluctuantes y los histogramas de las tensiones de Reynolds

Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic neuropathy and painful diabetic neuropathy in primary and secondary health care in Qatar.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION:This study determined the prevalence and risk factors for DPN and pDPN in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in primary health care (PHC) and secondary health care (SHC) in Qatar. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This is a cross-sectional multi-center study. Adults with T2D were randomly enrolled from four PHC centres and two Diabetes Centres in SHC in Qatar. Subjects underwent assessment of clinical and metabolic parameters, DPN and pDPN. RESULTS:1,386 subjects with T2D (297 from PHC and 1,089 from SHC) were recruited. The prevalence of DPN (14.8% vs 23.9%, P=0.001) and pDPN (18.1% vs 37.5%, P<0.0001) was significantly lower in PHC compared to SHC, whilst those with DPN at high risk for DFU (31.8% vs 40.0%, P=0.3) was comparable. The prevalence of undiagnosed DPN (79.5% vs 82.3%, P=0.66) was comparably high but undiagnosed pDPN (24.1% vs 71.5%, P<0.0001) was lower in PHC compared to SHC. The odds of DPN and pDPN increased with age and diabetes duration and DPN increased with poor glycemic control, hyperlipidemia and hypertension, whilst pDPN increased with obesity and reduced physical activity. CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence of DPN and pDPN in T2D is lower in PHC compared to SHC and is attributed to overall better control of risk factors and referral bias due to patients with poorly managed complications being referred to SHC. However, ~80% of patients had not been previously diagnosed with DPN in PHC and SHC. Further, we identify a number of modifiable risk factors for PDN and pDPN

The sample of choice for detecting Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in asymptomatic dromedary camels using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction

The newly identified Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which causes severe respiratory disease, particularly in people with comorbidities, requires further investigation. Studies in Qatar and elsewhere have provided evidence that dromedary camels are a reservoir for the virus, but the exact modes of transmission of MERS-CoV to humans remain unclear. In February 2014, an assessment was made of the suitability and sensitivity of different types of sample for the detection of MERS-CoV by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for three gene targets: UpE (upstream of the E gene), the N (nucleocapsid) gene and open reading frame (ORF) 1a. Fifty-three animals presented for slaughter were sampled. A high percentage of the sampled camels (79% [95% confidence interval 66.9-91.5%, standard error 0.0625]; 42 out of 53) were shown to be shedding MERS-CoV at the time of slaughter, yet all the animals were apparently healthy. Among the virus-positive animals, nasal swabs were most often positive (97.6%). Oral swabs were the second most frequently positive (35.7%), followed by rectal swabs (28.5%). In addition, the highest viral load, expressed as a cycle threshold (Ct) value of 11.27, was obtained from a nasal swab. These findings lead to the conclusion that nasal swabs are the candidate sample of choice for detecting MERS-CoV using RT-PCR technology in apparently healthy camels

Isolation of MERS coronavirus from dromedary camel, Qatar, 2014

We obtained the full genome of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) from a camel in Qatar. This virus is highly similar to the human England/ Qatar 1 virus isolated in 2012. The MERS-CoV from the camel efficiently replicated in human cells, providing further evidence for the zoonotic potential of MERS-CoV from camels

Occupational exposure to dromedaries and risk for MERS-CoV infection, Qatar, 2013–2014

We determined the presence of neutralizing antibodies to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in persons in Qatar with and without dromedary contact. Antibodies were only detected in those with contact, suggesting dromedary exposure as a risk factor for infection. Findings also showed evidence for substantial underestimation of the infection in populations at risk in Qatar

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe