A synthetic biology approach for consistent production of plant-made recombinant polyclonal antibodies against snake venom toxins

Antivenoms developed from the plasma of hyperimmunized animals are the only effective treatment available against snakebite envenomation but shortage of supply contributes to the high morbidity and mortality toll of this tropical disease. We describe a synthetic biology approach to affordable and cost-effective antivenom production based on plant-made recombinant polyclonal antibodies (termed pluribodies). The strategy takes advantage of virus superinfection exclusion to induce the formation of somatic expression mosaics in agroinfiltrated plants, which enables the expression of complex antibody repertoires in a highly reproducible manner. Pluribodies developed using toxin-binding genetic information captured from peripheral blood lymphocytes of hyperimmunized camels recapitulated the overall binding activity of the immune response. Furthermore, an improved plant-made antivenom (plantivenom) was formulated using an in vitro selected pluribody against Bothrops asper snake venom toxins and has been shown to neutralize a wide range of toxin activities and provide protection against lethal venom doses in mice.Fil: Julve Parreño, Jose Manuel. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Huet, Estefanía. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Fernández del Carmen, Asun. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Segura, Alvaro. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Venturi, Micol. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Gandía, Antoni. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Pan, Wei-Song. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Albaladejo, Irene. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Forment, Javier. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Pla, Davinia. Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia; EspañaFil: Wigdorovitz, Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Genética; ArgentinaFil: Calvete, Juan J.. Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia; EspañaFil: Gutiérrez, Carlos. Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; EspañaFil: Gutiérrez, José María. Universidad de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Granell, Antonio. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; EspañaFil: Orzáez, Diego. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia; Españ

The Study and Application of Studio Design for the Home Studio

The Study and Application of Studio Design for the Home Studi

The Employment of Married Mothers in Great Britain: 1974-2000

This paper analyses the increase in mothers¿ employment in Britain over the period 1974¿2000. The approach consists of isolating those birth cohorts whose mothers experienced significant increases in employment and relating those to changes in policies (maternity rights, taxation and childcare). The results suggest that maternity rights have induced a change in behaviour, toward returning to work in the first year post-birth, among many mothers who would have otherwise gone back to work when their children were age 3 to 5. This effect has been most marked among better-educated and higher paid mothers and has strengthened as real wages have risen through time. However, the paper also suggests that the increased labour market experience and job tenure of mothers as a result of maternity rights legislation has only had a very modest impact on earnings. This is as a result of most of the extra experience being part-time which has very low returns.married womens employment, maternity policies