Capitulo 1. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud

En los últimos años se ha observado un incremento de las enfermedades no transmisibles dentro de ellas se destaca el cáncer por su alta incidencia e impacto en la mortalidad (WHO, 2018). En las enfermedades transmisibles, si bien hay una disminución, las micosis se han incrementado, agravando el panorama la resistencia a los antimicóticos (Pfaller, 2012). Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antifúngica y citotóxica in vitro de extractos etanólicos de Lantana camara L., Petiveria alliacea L. y Lippia dulcis T. Metodología: Se realiza un estudio experimental con tres componentes. Primero: evaluar las características fitoquímicas de los extractos etanólicos de Lantana camara l., Petiveria alliacea l. y Lippia dulcis t. mediante Cromatografía en Capa Delgada (CCD) y pruebas de coloración y precipitación (Sanabria, 1983). Segundo: evaluación de la actividad antifúngica de los extractos etanólicos frente a Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida parasilopsis ATCC 22019 y Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 260 por técnica de difusión con disco (CSL 44-A), y la CMI mediante dilución de acuerdo con García y col 2003. Análisis de datos (ANOVA). Tercero: evaluación de actividad citotóxica de extractos etanólicos en líneas celulares de cáncer de seno MCF-7, y cáncer de cuello uterino SiHa, mediante la prueba de MTT (metil-tiazol-tetrazolio), según Mosmann (1983). Resultados: Las pruebas fitoquímicas realizadas confirmaron la presencia en abundancia de metabolitos tipo esteroides y/o terpenoides en las tres especies y tipo flavonoide incluyendo leucoantocianidinas en presencia moderada a abundante especialmente en P. alliacea y L. dulcis, mientras que en L. cámara se presentaron de forma escasa a moderada. Para La evaluación de actividad antifúngica se ha estandarizado mediante espectofotometría el inoculo de 1x10⁶ - 5x10⁶ UFC/mL (0,5 McFarland) a 550 nm (abs 0,125-0,128) respaldado por recuento en SDA + Cloranfenicol y se estableció el control positivo (Fluconazol 25μg) con prueba de difusión. Se evalúa DMSO como solvente y control negativo para continuar pruebas con extractos. En relación con evaluación de actividad citotóxica, las líneas celulares SiHa y MCF-7 se mantienen en medio DMEM 10% SFB y 1% de antibiótico. Se inició la evaluación de extracto etanólico de P. alliacea, en la línea celular SiHa, incluyendo Doxorrubicina como control de citotoxicidad al 0.14 μg/mL en forma preliminar para evaluar el porcentaje de viabilidad celular

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Measurement of b jet shapes in proton-proton collisions at root s=5.02 TeV

We present the first study of charged-hadron production associated with jets originating from b quarks in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The data sample used in this study was collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb(-1). To characterize the jet substructure, the differential jet shapes, defined as the normalized transverse momentum distribution of charged hadrons as a function of angular distance from the jet axis, are measured for b jets. In addition to the jet shapes, the per-jet yields of charged particles associated with b jets are also quantified, again as a function of the angular distance with respect to the jet axis. Extracted jet shape and particle yield distributions for b jets are compared with results for inclusive jets, as well as with the predictions from the pythia and herwig++ event generators.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The second-order Fourier coefficients (v(2)) characterizing the azimuthal distributions of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons produced in PbPb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV are studied. The Y mesons are reconstructed in their dimuon decay channel, as measured by the CMS detector. The collected data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 nb(-1). The scalar product method is used to extract the v2 coefficients of the azimuthal distributions. Results are reported for the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.4, in the transverse momentum interval 0 < pT < 50 GeV/c, and in three centrality ranges of 10-30%, 30-50% and 50-90%. In contrast to the J/psi mesons, the measured v(2) values for the Y mesons are found to be consistent with zero. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| &lt; 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Measurement of prompt open-charm production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The production cross sections for prompt open-charm mesons in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV are reported. The measurement is performed using a data sample collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 nb(-1). The differential production cross sections of the D*(+/-), D-+/-, and D-0 ((D) over bar (0)) mesons are presented in ranges of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity 4 < p(T) < 100 GeV and vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.1, respectively. The results are compared to several theoretical calculations and to previous measurements.Peer reviewe

Measurement of B-c(2S)(+) and B-c*(2S)(+) cross section ratios in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Peer reviewe

Reconstruction of signal amplitudes in the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter in the presence of overlapping proton-proton interactions

A template fitting technique for reconstructing the amplitude of signals produced by the lead tungstate crystals of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter is described. This novel approach is designed to suppress the contribution to the signal of the increased number of out-of-time interactions per beam crossing following the reduction of the accelerator bunch spacing from 50 to 25 ns at the start of Run 2 of the LHC. Execution of the algorithm is sufficiently fast for it to be employed in the CMS high-level trigger. It is also used in the offline event reconstruction. Results obtained from simulations and from Run 2 collision data (2015-2018) demonstrate a substantial improvement in the energy resolution of the calorimeter over a range of energies extending from a few GeV to several tens of GeV.Peer reviewe

Observation of the Production of Three Massive Gauge Bosons at root s=13 TeV

The first observation is reported of the combined production of three massive gauge bosons (VVV with V = W, Z) in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The analysis is based on a data sample recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1). The searches for individualWWW, WWZ, WZZ, and ZZZ production are performed in final states with three, four, five, and six leptons (electrons or muons), or with two same-sign leptons plus one or two jets. The observed (expected) significance of the combinedVVV production signal is 5.7 (5.9) standard deviations and the corresponding measured cross section relative to the standard model prediction is 1.02(-0.23)(+0.26). The significances of the individual WWW and WWZ production are 3.3 and 3.4 standard deviations, respectively. Measured production cross sections for the individual triboson processes are also reported