Reconstructing Paleoflood Occurrence and Magnitude from Lake Sediments

Lake sediments are a valuable archive to document past flood occurrence and magnitude, and their evolution over centuries to millennia. This information has the potential to greatly improve current flood design and risk assessment approaches, which are hampered by the shortness and scarcity of gauge records. For this reason, paleoflood hydrology from lake sediments received fast-growing attention over the last decade. This allowed an extensive development of experience and methodologies and, thereby, the reconstruction of paleoflood series with increasingly higher accuracy. In this review, we provide up-to-date knowledge on flood sedimentary processes and systems, as well as on state-of-the-art methods for reconstructing and interpreting paleoflood records. We also discuss possible perspectives in the field of paleoflood hydrology from lake sediments by highlighting the remaining challenges. This review intends to guide the research interest in documenting past floods from lake sediments. In particular, we offer here guidance supported by the literature in how: to choose the most appropriate lake in a given region, to find the best suited sedimentary environments to take the cores, to identify flood deposits in the sedimentary sequence, to distinguish them from other instantaneous deposits, and finally, to rigorously interpret the flood chronicle thus produced.publishedVersio

Five thousand years of tropical lake sediment DNA records from Benin

Until now, sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) studies have only focused on cold and temperate regions were DNA is relatively well preserved. Consequently, the tropics, where vegetation is hyperdiverse and natural archives are rare, have been neglected and deserve attention. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to barcode sedDNA from Lake Sele, localized in the tropical lowlands of Benin (Africa), and compared the taxonomic diversity detected by DNA analyses with pollen assemblages. Plant sedDNA was successfully amplified from 33 of the 34 successfully extracted samples. In total, 43 taxa were identified along the 5,000 years spanned by the sediment: 22 taxa were identified at the family level and 21 at the genus level. The plant diversity recovered through sedDNA from Lake Sele showed a specific local signal and limited overlapping with pollen. Introduced plants, grown and cultivated close to the water, such as sweet potato, were also well recorded by sedDNA. It appears, therefore, to be a promising approach to studying past diversity in tropical regions, and could help in tracking the introduction and history of agriculture. This is the first time this method has been used in the field of domestication and dissemination of several specific crops, and the results are very encouraging

Human-triggered magnification of erosion rates in European Alps since the Bronze Age

A major feature of the Anthropocene is the drastic increase in global soil erosion. Soil erosion is threatening Earth habitability not only as soils are an essential component of the Earth system but also because societies depend on soils. However, proper quantification of the impact of human activities on erosion over thousands of years is still lacking. This is particularly crucial in mountainous areas, where the highest erosion rates are recorded. Here we use the Lake Bourget catchment, one of the largest in the European Alps, to estimate quantitatively the impact of human activities on erosion. Based on a multi-proxy, source-to-sink approach relying on isotopic geochemistry, we discriminate the effects of climate fluctuations from those of human activities on erosion over the last 10,000 years. We demonstrate that until 3800 years ago, climate is the only driver of erosion. From that time on, climate alone cannot explain the measured rates of erosion. Thanks to an unprecedented regional paleoenvironmental reconstruction, we highlight that the development of pastoralism at high altitudes from the Bronze Age onwards and the extension of agriculture starting in the Middle Ages were key factors in the drastic increase in erosion observed in the Alps

Bioarchaeological approaches to understanding the long-term development of mountain societies

Archaeologists do not always differentiate between human activities, practices and techniques within landscape archaeology. This problem is reflected in some research into the development of pastoralism in the Alps. Here, we develop a framework within a “position paper” that engages with these different processes by assessing recent developments in bioarchaeological and palaeoenvironmental methods. Over the last two decades, alpine research has moved beyond the mere characterisation of human activities toward the classification and interpretation of specific practices and techniques, changing how we study the development of alpine pastoralism. Research into the development of mid-/long-distance transhumance from the Provencal plains to the Western Alps has generated considerable interest over the last 20 years. Therefore, the PATHWAy (Pastoralism, TransHumance in the Western Alps) project focuses on studying the Iron Age to Medieval pastoral systems in the Western Alps and south-eastern France, which is today one of the main regions in Europe where transhumant pastoralism still takes place. Finally, this contribution aims to review how bioarchaeological methods, combined with “cultural” archaeology, inform detailed quotidian aspects of lifeways rather than impactful, mediatised generalising statements, such as mass population movements or simplistic generalisations about past diet

New insights on lake sediment DNA from the catchment: importance of taphonomic and analytical issues on the record quality

Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies have used lake sediment DNA to trace past landscape changes, agricultural activities or human presence. However, the processes responsible for lake sediment formation might affect DNA records via taphonomic and analytical processes. It is crucial to understand these processes to ensure reliable interpretations for “palaeo” studies. Here, we combined plant and mammal DNA metabarcoding analyses with sedimentological and geochemical analyses from three lake-catchment systems that are characterised by different erosion dynamics. The new insights derived from this approach elucidate and assess issues relating to DNA sources and transfer processes. The sources of eroded materials strongly affect the “catchment-DNA” concentration in the sediments. For instance, erosion of upper organic and organo-mineral soil horizons provides a higher amount of plant DNA in lake sediments than deep horizons, bare soils or glacial flours. Moreover, high erosion rates, along with a well-developed hydrographic network, are proposed as factors positively affecting the representation of the catchment flora. The development of open and agricultural landscapes, which favour the erosion, could thus bias the reconstructed landscape trajectory but help the record of these human activities. Regarding domestic animals, pastoral practices and animal behaviour might affect their DNA record because they control the type of source of DNA (“point” vs. “diffuse”)

The precursors of chocolate aroma.

The subject of this research was an experimental study of the development of chocolate aroma during the commercial processing of cocoa beans. The components of unroasted aroma cocoa beans have been fractionated, and the various groups of substances obtained tested for the development of aroma when roasted. The results obtained provide further evidence of the involvement of simple amino acids, reducing sugars and flavonoids in the formation of the primary aroma of chocolate products, and a mechanism for the formation and mixing of these substances during cocoa fermentation is described. Model mixtures of these compounds have been examined in order to assess the extent of the contribution of individual compounds to the production of the aroma. The reaction of these model mixtures have also been examined under the conditions obtaining during commercial bean roasting, and combined gas chromstography-mase spectrometry has been used to compare their volatile reaction products with these present in roasted cocoa beans. The results of these studies indicate the importance of the natural environment of the precursors in the control of the extent of subsequent reactions, and the consequences of the 'dry state' reaction conditions in this respect. Various types of compound formed in these reactions are described and their possible importance in the recognition of chocolate aroma is discussed. The experimental results are discussed in terms of literature surveys of the current state of knowledge of both chocolate aroma development, and the aroma potential of amino acid-reducing sugar reactions

Contribution des sédiments laminés lacustres à l'étude des changements environnementaux holocène Approche couplée sédimentologie/géochimie à haute résolution Application à deux lacs nord alpins

The high resolution study of laminated sediments from Lake Anterne (2063 m asl) and Lake Bourget (231.5 m asl), both located in northern French Alps, led us to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes induced both by climate changes and human activities. Anthropogenic impacts upon lake catchment area, and in particular on erosion processes, alter the sensitivity of the sediment record to climatic variations. One of the challenges of this thesis is to disentangle the respective roles of these two factors in the changes observed throughout the study of lake sediments. The sedimentary archive of Lake Anterne covers most of the Holocene period. The evolution of erosion processes in the catchment area have been reconstructed from sedimentological analyses. A "source-to-sink" approach was applied on organic and mineral geochemical analyses. This methodological approach, coupled with quantitative indicators of erosion, allowed highlighting the evolution of soil cover. These results brought also information about the climatic or anthropogenic origin of changes in erosion patterns. During the early Holocene (9950-5450 cal. BP), a gradual evolution was recorded: establishment of vegetation and soil with pedogenesis processes (decarbonation and acidification), and then stabilization of the catchment linked to a well-developed vegetation cover. We evidenced anoxic conditions at the bottom of the lake during this period of stabilization. We interpret it as a consequence of slope stabilisation by a dense vegetation cover. A regressive story of soils, accompanied by a significant enhancement of erosion processes, began at ca. 5450 cal. BP, due to a climate reversal towards colder conditions. This regressive story was reinforced by anthropogenic impacts (deforestation, pastoral activity) during the Bronze Age (around 3400 cal. BP), the end of Iron Age-beginning of the Roman period (2400 cal. BP-150 AD) and the lower middle age (1000-1200 AD). Our interpretations were reinforced and enriched by crossing our data with climate reconstructions obtained at Anterne (temperature from chironomids) and in the region, and with paleovegetation (pollen, wood macrofossils) and archaeological data from surrounding areas. The record from Lake Le Bourget covers only the last 120 years. This archive was studied in the aim to reconstruct the evolution of the trophic level and the oxygenation at the bottom of the lake, in relation with human activities (discharge of sewage waters, agricultural activities) and climate evolution. The hydroclimatic variability at annual and pluriannual scales was also considered. Unlike Anterne, laminated sediments of Lake Le Bourget are varved. Therefore, a fair, accurate and high resolution dating was obtained. Our environmental reconstruction is based on sedimentological and geochemical analyses. The comparison between trophic level indicators and River Rhône detrital inputs highlighted the opposed effects of Rhône floods (a non-permanent tributary) on lake water quality (nutrient but also oxygen supply). Therefore, a special interest was also brought to the understanding of the factors controlling Rhône floods (anthropogenic climate/activities).L'étude des sédiments laminés, permettant des reconstitutions paléoenvironnementales à haute résolution, constitue le fil directeur de notre thèse. Les lacs d'Anterne (2063 m asl) et du Bourget (231,5 m asl), tous deux situés dans les Alpes françaises du nord, ont été choisis afin de contribuer à la compréhension de l'évolution du climat dans cette région et d'étudier l'impact de activités humaines sur les environnements alpins et périalpins. Un des défis de cette thèse est donc de distinguer le rôle respectif de ces deux facteurs dans les changements observés à travers l'étude des sédiments. La séquence sédimentaire du lac d'Anterne couvre la majeure partie de l'Holocène. L'évolution des processus d'érosion dans le bassin versant a pu être reconstituée à partir d'analyses sédimentologiques et d'une approche " source-puits " appliquée aux analyses géochimiques organiques et minérales. Cette approche méthodologique, couplée aux indicateurs quantitatifs d'érosion, a permis de mettre en évidence l'évolution des couvertures pédologiques, lesquelles sont contrôlées par la lithologie, la topographie, la végétation, le climat et l'usage des sols. Les résultats obtenus ont apporté des éléments de réponse sur l'origine climatique et/ou anthropique des changements observés. Une évolution progressive au début de l'holocène (9950-5450 cal. BP) avec mise en place des sols (processus de décarbonatation et d'acidification) et de la végétation, puis stabilisation de celle-ci a ainsi été mise évidence. Des conditions anoxiques se sont développées au fond du lac au cours de cette phase de stabilisation. Elles sont interprétées comme la conséquence d'une végétation bien développée dans le bassin versant. Une évolution régressive des sols, accompagnée d'importants processus d'érosion débute vers 5450 cal. BP, en raison d'un renversement climatique vers des conditions plus froides. Cette histoire régressive se poursuit en réponse à une pression anthropique renforcée (déforestation, activité pastorale) à l'Age du Bronze (autour de 3400 cal. BP), durant la fin de l'Age de Ferdébut de la période Romaine (2400-1800 cal. BP) et au Bas Moyen Age (1000-1200 ap. J.-C.). Nos interprétations ont pu être confortées et enrichies grâce au croisement de nos données avec des reconstitutions climatiques obtenus sur le site d'étude (température à partir des chironomes) et dans la région, et avec des données de paléovégétation (pollen, bois fossiles) et d'archéologie acquises dans le massif entourant le Lac d'Anterne. L'enregistrement du lac du Bourget ne couvre que les 120 dernières années. L'intérêt de cette archive est l'étude de la variabilité hydroclimatique annuelle à décennale et la reconstitution de l'évolution des conditions trophiques et de l'oxygénation du fond du lac en relation avec les activités humaines (rejet d'eaux usées, activités agricoles) et le climat. Contrairement à Anterne, les sédiments laminés du Lac du Bourget sont varvés. Une datation juste, précise et à haute résolution a donc été obtenue. A partir des analyses sédimentologiques et géochimiques, notre étude a pu mettre en évidence les effets opposés des crues du Rhône (affluent temporaire du lac) sur la qualité des eaux du lac (apport de nutriments mais aussi d'oxygène). Un intérêt particulier a donc aussi été porté à la compréhension des facteurs contrôlant les crues du Rhône (climat/activités anthropiques)

Contribution des sédiments laminés lacustres à l'étude des changements environnementaux holocène Approche couplée sédimentologie/géochimie à haute résolution Application à deux lacs nord alpins

The high resolution study of laminated sediments from Lake Anterne (2063 m asl) and Lake Bourget (231.5 m asl), both located in northern French Alps, led us to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes induced both by climate changes and human activities. Anthropogenic impacts upon lake catchment area, and in particular on erosion processes, alter the sensitivity of the sediment record to climatic variations. One of the challenges of this thesis is to disentangle the respective roles of these two factors in the changes observed throughout the study of lake sediments. The sedimentary archive of Lake Anterne covers most of the Holocene period. The evolution of erosion processes in the catchment area have been reconstructed from sedimentological analyses. A "source-to-sink" approach was applied on organic and mineral geochemical analyses. This methodological approach, coupled with quantitative indicators of erosion, allowed highlighting the evolution of soil cover. These results brought also information about the climatic or anthropogenic origin of changes in erosion patterns. During the early Holocene (9950-5450 cal. BP), a gradual evolution was recorded: establishment of vegetation and soil with pedogenesis processes (decarbonation and acidification), and then stabilization of the catchment linked to a well-developed vegetation cover. We evidenced anoxic conditions at the bottom of the lake during this period of stabilization. We interpret it as a consequence of slope stabilisation by a dense vegetation cover. A regressive story of soils, accompanied by a significant enhancement of erosion processes, began at ca. 5450 cal. BP, due to a climate reversal towards colder conditions. This regressive story was reinforced by anthropogenic impacts (deforestation, pastoral activity) during the Bronze Age (around 3400 cal. BP), the end of Iron Age-beginning of the Roman period (2400 cal. BP-150 AD) and the lower middle age (1000-1200 AD). Our interpretations were reinforced and enriched by crossing our data with climate reconstructions obtained at Anterne (temperature from chironomids) and in the region, and with paleovegetation (pollen, wood macrofossils) and archaeological data from surrounding areas. The record from Lake Le Bourget covers only the last 120 years. This archive was studied in the aim to reconstruct the evolution of the trophic level and the oxygenation at the bottom of the lake, in relation with human activities (discharge of sewage waters, agricultural activities) and climate evolution. The hydroclimatic variability at annual and pluriannual scales was also considered. Unlike Anterne, laminated sediments of Lake Le Bourget are varved. Therefore, a fair, accurate and high resolution dating was obtained. Our environmental reconstruction is based on sedimentological and geochemical analyses. The comparison between trophic level indicators and River Rhône detrital inputs highlighted the opposed effects of Rhône floods (a non-permanent tributary) on lake water quality (nutrient but also oxygen supply). Therefore, a special interest was also brought to the understanding of the factors controlling Rhône floods (anthropogenic climate/activities).L'étude des sédiments laminés, permettant des reconstitutions paléoenvironnementales à haute résolution, constitue le fil directeur de notre thèse. Les lacs d'Anterne (2063 m asl) et du Bourget (231,5 m asl), tous deux situés dans les Alpes françaises du nord, ont été choisis afin de contribuer à la compréhension de l'évolution du climat dans cette région et d'étudier l'impact de activités humaines sur les environnements alpins et périalpins. Un des défis de cette thèse est donc de distinguer le rôle respectif de ces deux facteurs dans les changements observés à travers l'étude des sédiments. La séquence sédimentaire du lac d'Anterne couvre la majeure partie de l'Holocène. L'évolution des processus d'érosion dans le bassin versant a pu être reconstituée à partir d'analyses sédimentologiques et d'une approche " source-puits " appliquée aux analyses géochimiques organiques et minérales. Cette approche méthodologique, couplée aux indicateurs quantitatifs d'érosion, a permis de mettre en évidence l'évolution des couvertures pédologiques, lesquelles sont contrôlées par la lithologie, la topographie, la végétation, le climat et l'usage des sols. Les résultats obtenus ont apporté des éléments de réponse sur l'origine climatique et/ou anthropique des changements observés. Une évolution progressive au début de l'holocène (9950-5450 cal. BP) avec mise en place des sols (processus de décarbonatation et d'acidification) et de la végétation, puis stabilisation de celle-ci a ainsi été mise évidence. Des conditions anoxiques se sont développées au fond du lac au cours de cette phase de stabilisation. Elles sont interprétées comme la conséquence d'une végétation bien développée dans le bassin versant. Une évolution régressive des sols, accompagnée d'importants processus d'érosion débute vers 5450 cal. BP, en raison d'un renversement climatique vers des conditions plus froides. Cette histoire régressive se poursuit en réponse à une pression anthropique renforcée (déforestation, activité pastorale) à l'Age du Bronze (autour de 3400 cal. BP), durant la fin de l'Age de Ferdébut de la période Romaine (2400-1800 cal. BP) et au Bas Moyen Age (1000-1200 ap. J.-C.). Nos interprétations ont pu être confortées et enrichies grâce au croisement de nos données avec des reconstitutions climatiques obtenus sur le site d'étude (température à partir des chironomes) et dans la région, et avec des données de paléovégétation (pollen, bois fossiles) et d'archéologie acquises dans le massif entourant le Lac d'Anterne. L'enregistrement du lac du Bourget ne couvre que les 120 dernières années. L'intérêt de cette archive est l'étude de la variabilité hydroclimatique annuelle à décennale et la reconstitution de l'évolution des conditions trophiques et de l'oxygénation du fond du lac en relation avec les activités humaines (rejet d'eaux usées, activités agricoles) et le climat. Contrairement à Anterne, les sédiments laminés du Lac du Bourget sont varvés. Une datation juste, précise et à haute résolution a donc été obtenue. A partir des analyses sédimentologiques et géochimiques, notre étude a pu mettre en évidence les effets opposés des crues du Rhône (affluent temporaire du lac) sur la qualité des eaux du lac (apport de nutriments mais aussi d'oxygène). Un intérêt particulier a donc aussi été porté à la compréhension des facteurs contrôlant les crues du Rhône (climat/activités anthropiques)