Islamic State in the Spanish Daily Press: Framing Analysis of ‘El Periódico’ and ‘El País’

This study examines the journalistic production related to Islamic State (ISIS) by two daily Spanish newspapers, El Periódico and El País. Through a quantitative content analysis, this study analyzes the type of stories, sources of information, story contexts and frames used to portray the ISIS threat in three different time periods: the expansion into Syria (April 8, 2013), the declaration of the Caliphate (June 29, 2014) and the Paris attacks (November 13, 2015). Results show that Government officials are the most used source of information, followed by other news media and international organizations. Regarding the frames used to report on ISIS, findings show that in general both newspapers have favored a geopolitical perspective over an existential threat perspective. The only exception to this general trend can be found in El Periódico, which has published far more stories related to the human rights crisis than El País.En aquest treball s’estudia la producció periodística relacionada amb l’Estat Islàmic (ISIS) en dos diaris espanyols, El Periódico i El País. Mitjançant una anàlisi quantitativa de continguts, aquest estudi analitza el tipus d’articles, les fonts d’informació, els contextos dels articles i els frames que s’empren per descriure l’amenaça d’ISIS en tres períodes de temps diferents: l’expansió a Síria (8 d’abril de 2013), la declaració del Califat (29 de juny de 2014) i els atacs de París (13 de novembre de 2015). Els resultats mostren que la font d’informació a la qual es recorre més són els Governs, seguits d’altres mitjans de premsa i organitzacions internacionals. Pel que fa als frames que s’utilitzen per informar sobre ISIS, en general s’ha comprovat que tots dos diaris prefereixen una perspectiva geopolítica per damunt d’una d’amenaça existencial. L’única excepció d’aquesta tendència general és el diari El Periódico, que ha publicat molts més articles relacionats amb la crisi de drets humans que El País

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

Ethics and Photojournalism: the visual representation of reality

Inspirats en la filosofia moral de Paul Ricoeur, per qui l'ètica general pot contribuir per qüestionar les conviccions on es basa l'ètica aplicada, aquest estudi pretén identificar i qüestionar els principis ètics fonamentals que han fundat la nostra comprensió del que ha de ser una bona fotografia de premsa des de mitjan segle XIX. És la nostra convicció que la recent controvèrsia sobre el World Press Photo, motivada per la dificultat a establir un criteri clar i consensual que permeti distingir el que és un procediment de postproducció legítim i il·legítim, demostra que el vell paradigma de la fotografia analògica va deixar d'estar capacitat per promocionar la confiança en el fotoperiodisme. A través d'una anàlisi històrica i sistemàtic mostrem que fonamentar la credibilitat de la fotografia de premsa en la seva objectivitat, realisme i naturalesa no artística no té ni justificació teòrica ni utilitat pràctica.Inspirados en la filosofía moral de Paul Ricoeur, para quien la ética general puede contribuir para cuestionar las convicciones donde se basa la ética aplicada, este estudio pretende identificar y cuestionar los principios éticos fundamentales que han fundado nuestra comprensión de lo que debe ser una buena fotografía de prensa desde mediados del siglo XIX. Es nuestra convicción que la reciente controversia sobre el World Press Photo, motivada por la dificultad en establecer un criterio claro y consensual que permita distinguir lo que es un procedimiento de postproducción legítimo e ilegítimo, demuestra que el viejo paradigma de la fotografía analógica dejó de estar capacitado para promocionar la confianza en el fotoperiodismo. A través de un análisis histórico y sistemático mostramos que fundamentar la credibilidad de la fotografía de prensa en su objetividad, realismo y naturaleza no artística no tiene ni justificación teórica ni utilidad práctica.Building on the moral philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, for whom general ethics may play an important role in questioning the longstanding assumptions upon which the applied ethics are grounded, this study aims to identify and challenge the fundamental moral principles that have grounded our understanding of what a good press photograph is since the mid nineteenth-century. It is our contention that the recent controversy surrounding the World Press Photo, motivated by the difficulty for establishing a clear and consensual criterion to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate post-processing procedures, demonstrates that the old paradigm of the analogue photography is no longer capable of promoting trust and confidence in photojournalism. Through an historical and a systematic analysis, we contend that basing press photography credibility on its objective, realistic and non-artistic nature is neither theoretically justified nor practically useful