Use of biogas in internal combustion engines

The biogas from the anaerobic digestion of solid or liquid waste is an alternative energy source. Its composition is a mixture of gases in which methane and carbon dioxide are in higher proportions. The internal combustion engines are widely used because they can operate with different kinds of both liquid and gaseous fuels. So that biogas can be used as fuel, either in engines, gas turbines or microturbines, it is necessary to identify its flow, chemical composition and calorific value, parameters that determine the real potential to generate electricity.O biogás proveniente da digestão anaeróbia de resíduos sólidos ou líquidos constitui uma fonte de energia alternativa. Sua composição é uma mistura de gases onde o metano e o dióxido de carbono estão em maiores proporções. Os motores de combustão interna são muito utilizados por poderem operar com diferentes tipos de combustíveis tanto líquidos como gasosos. Para que o biogás possa ser utilizado como combustível, seja em motores, turbinas a gás ou microturbinas, é necessário identificar sua vazão, composição química e poder calorífico, parâmetros que determinam o real potencial de geração de energia elétrica

Produção de biogás em escala real em unidade demonstrativa – Unidade Granja Colombari Biogas production full-scale demostration unit – Unit Colombari Farm

A cadeia produtiva de suínos tem se destacado no cenário agroindustrial brasileiro, fato decorrente dos avanços na escala de produção e dos investimentos tecnológicos do setor. A quantidade total de dejetos produzidos pelo suíno em determinada fase de seu desenvolvimento é um dado fundamental para o planejamento das instalações e equipamentos a serem utilizados para o transporte e distribuição do mesmo na lavoura. Este trabalho buscou viabilizar a utilização de biodigestores em escala real evidenciando o potencial deste na redução de carga orgânica e a produção equivalente em biogás, bem como a sua qualidade para obtenção de energia elétrica.AbstractThe pork supply chain has emerged in Brazilian agribusiness scenario, a fact due to advances in productions scale and technological investments in the sector. Thetotal amount of waste produced by the pig at a certain stage of its evelopment is a key to the planning of facilities and equipment to be used for the transportations and distribution in the same Field. This study sought to enable the use of full-scale digesters showing the potential of the reduction of organic load and the equivalent in biogas production and its quality obtains electricity

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with 26% of all species being includedin the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associatedwith habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mam-mals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion formarine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems func-tionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is cru-cial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS INPORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublishedgeoreferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mam-mals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira thatincludes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occur-ring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live obser-vations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%),bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent lessthan 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrowsjsoil moundsjtunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animaljhairjskullsjjaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8),observation in shelters, (9) photo trappingjvideo, (10) predators dietjpelletsjpine cones/nuts, (11) scatjtrackjditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalizationjecholocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followedby Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496),Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data setincludes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened(e.g.,Oryctolagus cuniculus[n=12,159],Monachus monachus[n=1,512],andLynx pardinus[n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate thepublication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contrib-ute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting onthe development of more accurate and tailored conservation managementstrategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite thisdata paper when the data are used in publications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mammals in Portugal: a data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in Portugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with ~26% of all species being included in the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associated with habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mammals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion for marine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems functionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is crucial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublished georeferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mammals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira that includes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occurring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live observations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%), bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent less than 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrows | soil mounds | tunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animal | hair | skulls | jaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8), observation in shelters, (9) photo trapping | video, (10) predators diet | pellets | pine cones/nuts, (11) scat | track | ditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalization | echolocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and 100 m (76%). Rodentia (n =31,573) has the highest number of records followed by Chiroptera (n = 18,857), Carnivora (n = 18,594), Lagomorpha (n = 17,496), Cetartiodactyla (n = 11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n = 7008). The data set includes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened (e.g., Oryctolagus cuniculus [n = 12,159], Monachus monachus [n = 1,512], and Lynx pardinus [n = 197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate the publication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contribute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting on the development of more accurate and tailored conservation management strategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Utilização de manipueira juntamente com sólidos da cama de aviário em biodigestores para geração de biogás / Use of cassava wastewater with solid poultry manure in anaerobic digesters to generate biogas

ResumoA reciclagem energética de resíduos pode ser feita com o objetivo de geração de calor ou de gás combustível. Assim, este trabalho buscou viabilizar a utilização do resíduo chamado manipueira juntamente com os sólidos da cama de aviário evidenciando o potencial deste para a obtenção de biogás por meio de biodigestores. Foi desenvolvido para esse experimento um sistema exclusivo de biodigestão de biomassa formados por biodigestores batelada e gasômetros de cúpula móvel. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a cama de frango apresenta uma boa produção de biogás. A manipueira não foi obteve sucesso na mistura, pois fez com que a qualidade e quantidade do gás caíssem de acordo com o aumento na mistura.AbstractThe recycling of waste can be made for the purpose of generating heat or gas fuel. Thus, this project seeks to enable the use of cassava wastewater with poultry litter, emphasizing its potentiality for biogas production through anaerobic digesters. To accomplish this experiment a unique biomass digestion system formed of batch digesters and mobile gasometers was developed. The preliminary results showed that poultry litter offers a good production of biogas, but cassava wastewaters were not a good mixing option, because it affects adversely both the quantity and the quality of the biogas production

Leptospiral antibodies in sera of fish from the Ave river: preliminary results

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis with world distribution, caused by infection with pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Leptospires’ natural habitat is the kidney of infected animals, being disseminated via urine to the environment, where they survive outside the host in fresh water or moist soils. Thus, leptospirosis is associated with activities such as fish farming, animal and agricultural production and water-related activities. The aim of this work was to detect leptospiral antibodies (Abs) in wild fish species (Luciobarbus bocagei, Pseudochondrostoma duriense and Squalius carolitertii) captured in the north of Portugal. Sera of 29 fish caught in the Ave River basin in July 2017 were tested by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Abs were detected in 51.7% (15/29) specimens, with reactivities against serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Canicola, Sejroe, Australis and Ballum. The highest Abs titre was 1:160, observed to Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar. Leptospiral Abs were detected in 75% (9/12) of P. duriense and in 46.2% (6/13) of L. bocagei. The results undeniably show that the sampled fish inhabit fresh water contaminated with leptospires and develop immune response, being potential sources of infection for man and animals. Further studies are needed to better understand potential public health threats.This work is supported by European Investnient Funds FEDER/COMPETE/POCI - Operational Competitiveness and Intemationalization Programme, under Project POCI-01- 0145-FEDER-006958 and National Funds by FCT - Ponuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UID/AGR/04033/2013, and by the I&D Project Interact - Integrative Research in Environment, Agro-Chain and Technology, number of operation NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017B, EST research line, co-fínanced bythe European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through NORTE 2020 (2014-2020 North Portugal Regional Operational Programme).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Synthesis of butyl acrylate in a fixed-bed adsorptive reactor over Amberlyst 15

The butyl acrylate synthesis from the esterification reaction of acrylic acid with 1-butanol in a fixed-bed adsorptive reactor packed with Amberlyst 15 ion exchange resin was evaluated. Adsorption experiments were carried out with non-reactive pairs at two temperatures (323 and 363 K). The experimental results were used to obtain multicomponent adsorption equilibrium isotherms of Langmuir type. Reactive adsorption experiments using different feed molar ratios and flow rates were performed, at 363 K, and used to validate a mathematical model developed to describe the dynamic behavior of the fixed-bed adsorptive reactor for the butyl acrylate synthesis. Due to the simultaneous reaction and separation steps, it was possible to obtain a butyl acrylate maximum concentration 38% higher than the equilibrium concentration (for an equimolar reactants ratio solution as feed at a flow rate of 0.9 mL min 21 and 363 K) showing that sorption-enhanced reaction technologies are very promising for butyl acrylate synthesis. (C) 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineer

A previsibilidade nas condenações por danos morais: uma reflexão a partir das decisões do STJ sobre relações de consumo bancárias The predicability of moral damages lawsuits' results: a reflection based upon STJ' decisions in bank-consumer relations

A previsibilidade do resultado dos processos judiciais é uma das facetas do princípio da segurança jurídica, princípio este norteador do sistema jurídico pátrio. O método do livre arbitramento adotado pelo Código de Processo Civil concede ampla liberdade aos juízes na fixação do montante indenizatório por danos morais, o que pode significar que não há como prever o valor condenatório. Por outro lado, a jurisprudência pode contornar a imprevisibilidade por meio da uniformização de suas decisões. A tendência em adotar determinados critérios na quantificação do dano moral ou em limitar a indenização à determinada faixa de valores permitiria um prognóstico do resultado que será obtido com a demanda indenizatória, caso procedente. Pautada pelo objetivo de identificar como a opção legislativa do livre arbitramento é interpretada e aplicada pela jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, a pesquisa restringiu-se às relações de consumo bancárias, cujos valores indenizatórios foram revistos pela corte especial, em sede de recurso especial, no período de outubro de 2000 e abril de 2007. Em geral, a intervenção do Superior Tribunal de Justiça se faz sentir pela redução substancial dos valores fixados nas instâncias anteriores. Assim, o presente trabalho também põe em relevo a possibilidade de, na prática, haver um limite monetário ou tarifação dos valores indenizatórios, no âmbito da corte especial e de indagar se o suposto tabelamento pode funcionar, futuramente, como inibidor do ajuizamento de processos judiciais pelos consumidores lesados.<br>The predictability of the lawsuits' results is one of the facets of the principle of legal certainty, wich is Brazilian legal system´s guide. The method of free quantification adopted by the Civil Procedure Code grants freedom to judges when determining the moral damages compensatory amount, what may result in not being able to predict the indemnification value. On the other hand, the courts may get around the impredictability trough their decisions' uniformization. The tendency in adopting certain criteria in damages quantification or in limiting the amount could allow litigators to forecast the result of a winning judicial cause. in order to identify how this legal option is interpreted by the judicial system, the present work is limited to bank consumers relations, whose amounts were revised by the Superior Tribunal de Justiça, from October 2000 to April 2007. Generally, the Superior Tribunal de Justiça intervenes to reduce the amounts quantified by the inferior courts. Therefore, this work highlights the possibility that the court might establish a monetary limit or a " price control" to the moral damages and inquires if the suposed " price control" may work as an obstacle to future consumers' demands