La sécurité alimentaire durable au Nunavik : les enjeux juridiques de la commercialisation de la viande de caribou et de ses sous-produits par les Inuits

Le régime alimentaire des Inuits du Nunavik s’est modifié considérablement au cours des dernières décennies. Leur alimentation traditionnelle, constituée de viande et de poisson, a évolué vers un régime composé majoritairement de produits alimentaires importés du Sud, bien que l’apport en protéines demeure largement basé sur la consommation de gibier et de poisson. En raison du coût important lié à cette nouvelle forme d’alimentation, la transformation des habitudes alimentaires des Inuits modifie l’état de la sécurité alimentaire au Nunavik. Parce qu’elle permettrait de générer des revenus supplémentaires aux Inuits, la commercialisation de la viande de caribou et de ses sous-produits pourrait contribuer à renforcer l’accessibilité économique des Inuits aux produits du Sud et ainsi participer à l’atteinte d’une sécurité alimentaire durable au Nunavik. La Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois et ses conventions complémentaires, qui établissent le régime de chasse des Inuits, permettent effectivement à ces derniers de pratiquer la chasse commerciale du caribou tout en leur assurant un accès sécurisé à cette ressource faunique dans une perspective de développement durable. Toutefois, certaines dispositions de ces conventions posent problème, principalement en cas de diminution importante des populations de caribous. De plus, des difficultés sont prévisibles quant au respect des règles nationales et internationales liées au commerce des produits alimentaires, notamment en ce qui a trait aux règles d’innocuité et de salubrité.Over the past decades, the food patterns of the Inuit of Nunavik have undergone substantial changes. Their traditional diet, mainly of meat and fish, has evolved towards a regimen made up largely of food products imported from the south, despite the fact that their intake of proteins is mainly based on the consumption of game animals and fish. Owing to the high cost of their new eating habits, the change in diet among the Inuit has modified food security in Nunavik. Since this enables the Inuit to generate extra income, the marketing of caribou meat and its derivative products could contribute to reinforcing Inuit economic access to products from the south and thereby participate in the attainment of sustainable food security for Nunavik. The Agreement concerning James Bay and Northern Québec and its complementary agreements, which establish the Inuit hunting regime, do in effect allow them to practice commercial hunting while ensuring for themselves secure access to this wildlife resource with a view to sustainable development. Nonetheless, some provisions of these agreements are problematical, especially in the case of a significant decline in caribou populations. Moreover, difficulties are foreseen regarding compliance with national and international rules relevant to the marketing of food products, particularly with regard to rules of safety and health

Las interacciones entre el derecho estatal y la certificación comercio justo fairtrade: garantía de una mejor protección de los derechos de los trabajadores y del medio ambiente

El régimen de certificación Comercio Justo Fairtrade International es unmodelo de certificación de RSE interesante por su interacción con elderecho estatal porqué sus disposiciones y su funcionamiento favorecenuna mejor aplicación. La referencia al derecho estatal es un medio deincorporarlo al corpus normativo de la certificación Comercio JustoFairtrade. La reiteración de la obligación que tienen los productores derespetar la legislación nacional constituye igualmente un medio deasegurar que la certificación no tenga como consecuencia una nivelacióna la baja de las exigencias aplicables a los productores. La referencia a lalegislación y a las prácticas nacionales permite, inversamente, noimponer tampoco obligaciones desproporcionadas a los productores. Alinsistir sobre la necesidad de deber conformarse tanto a las normassurgidas de los estándares como a aquellas que provienen del derechoestatal, se favorece igualmente un mejor conocimiento del derechoestatal. A pesar de estas ventajas, la incorporación de normas de derechonacional es sin embargo portadora de un cierto riesgo que variará enintensidad en función a la manera en la que se lleva a cabo

Contribution à l'analyse critique de la certification du commerce équitable depuis une perspective juridique : l'exemple du secteur viticole

Cette thèse s’attache à définir la certification équitable depuis une perspective juridique. Tant l’analyse de sa dimension formelle que matérielle permettent de conclure qu’elle est caractérisée par un dualisme face au droit étatique. Elle entretient à la fois une relation d’autonomie et d’hétéronomie à l’égard des ordres juridiques étatiques. Sur le plan formel, le caractère autonome du régime équitable est révélé par l’existence d’un ordre juridique distinct des ordres étatiques. En effet, les institutions du régime équitable jouent le rôle de tiers neutre et désintéressé remplissant des fonctions législatives, exécutives et judiciaires à l’égard des parties constituantes que sont les producteurs du Sud et les acheteurs du Nord. Le rapport d’hétéronomie se manifeste par l’intervention d’éléments provenant d’ordres juridiques étatiques au sein du régime. D’une part, les relations entre les producteurs et le certificateur sont soumises au droit allemand par le biais des contrats de certification et de licence. D’autre part, les relations salarié/employeur et acheteur/vendeur, centrales dans le commerce équitable, font intervenir le droit de la consommation des pays consommateurs et le droit du travail des pays producteurs. L’intervention d’éléments relevant d’autres ordres juridiques contribue à sécuriser et à bonifier le régime équitable. Sur le plan matériel, l’autonomie du régime se traduit par des dispositions inédites. Bien qu’originales par rapport aux normes d’origine étatique, l’analyse de ces normes montre qu’elles ne se placent cependant pas en situation de concurrence face à celles-ci. Elles interviennent plutôt comme complément dans des sphères où il s’avère difficile pour les normes d’origine étatique d’intervenir, principalement en raison des limites intrinsèques du droit national et international. Les standards de la certification équitable ne comportent cependant pas que des normes inédites. Plusieurs reprennent textuellement des dispositions d’instruments juridiques internationaux et nationaux d’origine étatique, alors que d’autres les traduisent dans un langage plus accessible et adapté au contexte de leurs destinataires. Dans ces deux cas, il s’agit de réitérer le droit en vigueur plutôt que de s’y opposer. Son principal attrait réside dans le fait qu’elle ne se limite pas à le répéter mais à faciliter sa connaissance et sa mise en œuvre par des mesures concrètes

Le Forum, Vol. 44 #3

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Le Forum, Vol. 43 No. 1

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The 20S proteasome core, active within apoptotic exosome-like vesicles, induces autoantibody production and accelerates rejection

Autoantibodies to components of apoptotic cells, such as anti-perlecan antibodies, contribute to rejection in organ transplant recipients. However, mechanisms of immunization to apoptotic components remain largely uncharacterized. We used large-scale proteomics, with validation by electron microscopy and biochemical methods, to compare the protein profiles of apoptotic bodies and apoptotic exosome-like vesicles, smaller extracellular vesicles released by endothelial cells downstream of caspase-3 activation. We identified apoptotic exosome-like vesicles as a central trigger for production of anti-perlecan antibodies and acceleration of rejection. Unlike apoptotic bodies, apoptotic exosome-like vesicles triggered the production of anti-perlecan antibodies in naïve mice and enhanced anti-perlecan antibody production and allograft inflammation in mice transplanted with an MHC (major histocompatibility complex)–incompatible aortic graft. The 20S proteasome core was active within apoptotic exosome-like vesicles and controlled their immunogenic activity. Finally, we showed that proteasome activity in circulating exosome-like vesicles increased after vascular injury in mice. These findings open new avenues for predicting and controlling maladaptive humoral responses to apoptotic cell components that enhance the risk of rejection after transplantation

Le musée, un lieu éducatif

This anthology contains essays on various aspects of museum education, by 35 members of the Special Interest Group on Education and Museums (SIGEM). Originally presented at a conference held in Montreal in 1995, the essays in this book address a wide range of issues related to the educational function of museums. Topics discussed include: educational, scientific and museological research; the value of guided tours and visual arts workshops; the question of evaluation; and relationships between museums and schools. 21 diagrams and 19 charts. 4 texts in English 31 texts in French. Circa 480 bibl. ref

Molecular and Evolutionary Bases of Within-Patient Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity in Escherichia coli Extraintestinal Infections

Although polymicrobial infections, caused by combinations of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, are being recognised with increasing frequency, little is known about the occurrence of within-species diversity in bacterial infections and the molecular and evolutionary bases of this diversity. We used multiple approaches to study the genomic and phenotypic diversity among 226 Escherichia coli isolates from deep and closed visceral infections occurring in 19 patients. We observed genomic variability among isolates from the same site within 11 patients. This diversity was of two types, as patients were infected either by several distinct E. coli clones (4 patients) or by members of a single clone that exhibit micro-heterogeneity (11 patients); both types of diversity were present in 4 patients. A surprisingly wide continuum of antibiotic resistance, outer membrane permeability, growth rate, stress resistance, red dry and rough morphotype characteristics and virulence properties were present within the isolates of single clones in 8 of the 11 patients showing genomic micro-heterogeneity. Many of the observed phenotypic differences within clones affected the trade-off between self-preservation and nutritional competence (SPANC). We showed in 3 patients that this phenotypic variability was associated with distinct levels of RpoS in co-existing isolates. Genome mutational analysis and global proteomic comparisons in isolates from a patient revealed a star-like relationship of changes amongst clonally diverging isolates. A mathematical model demonstrated that multiple genotypes with distinct RpoS levels can co-exist as a result of the SPANC trade-off. In the cases involving infection by a single clone, we present several lines of evidence to suggest diversification during the infectious process rather than an infection by multiple isolates exhibiting a micro-heterogeneity. Our results suggest that bacteria are subject to trade-offs during an infectious process and that the observed diversity resembled results obtained in experimental evolution studies. Whatever the mechanisms leading to diversity, our results have strong medical implications in terms of the need for more extensive isolate testing before deciding on antibiotic therapies

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

La notion de déchet : une voie de solution adéquate pour combler les lacunes du droit européen en matière de sols pollués ?

Desjardins Marie-Claude. La notion de déchet : une voie de solution adéquate pour combler les lacunes du droit européen en matière de sols pollués ?. In: Revue Européenne de Droit de l'Environnement, n°2, 2006. pp. 145-152