55 research outputs found
La sécurité alimentaire durable au Nunavik : les enjeux juridiques de la commercialisation de la viande de caribou et de ses sous-produits par les Inuits
Le rĂ©gime alimentaire des Inuits du Nunavik sâest modifiĂ© considĂ©rablement au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. Leur alimentation traditionnelle, constituĂ©e de viande et de poisson, a Ă©voluĂ© vers un rĂ©gime composĂ© majoritairement de produits alimentaires importĂ©s du Sud, bien que lâapport en protĂ©ines demeure largement basĂ© sur la consommation de gibier et de poisson. En raison du coĂ»t important liĂ© Ă cette nouvelle forme dâalimentation, la transformation des habitudes alimentaires des Inuits modifie lâĂ©tat de la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire au Nunavik. Parce quâelle permettrait de gĂ©nĂ©rer des revenus supplĂ©mentaires aux Inuits, la commercialisation de la viande de caribou et de ses sous-produits pourrait contribuer Ă renforcer lâaccessibilitĂ© Ă©conomique des Inuits aux produits du Sud et ainsi participer Ă lâatteinte dâune sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire durable au Nunavik. La Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord quĂ©bĂ©cois et ses conventions complĂ©mentaires, qui Ă©tablissent le rĂ©gime de chasse des Inuits, permettent effectivement Ă ces derniers de pratiquer la chasse commerciale du caribou tout en leur assurant un accĂšs sĂ©curisĂ© Ă cette ressource faunique dans une perspective de dĂ©veloppement durable. Toutefois, certaines dispositions de ces conventions posent problĂšme, principalement en cas de diminution importante des populations de caribous. De plus, des difficultĂ©s sont prĂ©visibles quant au respect des rĂšgles nationales et internationales liĂ©es au commerce des produits alimentaires, notamment en ce qui a trait aux rĂšgles dâinnocuitĂ© et de salubritĂ©.Over the past decades, the food patterns of the Inuit of Nunavik have undergone substantial changes. Their traditional diet, mainly of meat and fish, has evolved towards a regimen made up largely of food products imported from the south, despite the fact that their intake of proteins is mainly based on the consumption of game animals and fish. Owing to the high cost of their new eating habits, the change in diet among the Inuit has modified food security in Nunavik. Since this enables the Inuit to generate extra income, the marketing of caribou meat and its derivative products could contribute to reinforcing Inuit economic access to products from the south and thereby participate in the attainment of sustainable food security for Nunavik. The Agreement concerning James Bay and Northern QuĂ©bec and its complementary agreements, which establish the Inuit hunting regime, do in effect allow them to practice commercial hunting while ensuring for themselves secure access to this wildlife resource with a view to sustainable development. Nonetheless, some provisions of these agreements are problematical, especially in the case of a significant decline in caribou populations. Moreover, difficulties are foreseen regarding compliance with national and international rules relevant to the marketing of food products, particularly with regard to rules of safety and health
Las interacciones entre el derecho estatal y la certificaciĂłn comercio justo fairtrade: garantĂa de una mejor protecciĂłn de los derechos de los trabajadores y del medio ambiente
El régimen de certificación Comercio Justo Fairtrade International es unmodelo de certificación de RSE interesante por su interacción con elderecho estatal porqué sus disposiciones y su funcionamiento favorecenuna mejor aplicación. La referencia al derecho estatal es un medio deincorporarlo al corpus normativo de la certificación Comercio JustoFairtrade. La reiteración de la obligación que tienen los productores derespetar la legislación nacional constituye igualmente un medio deasegurar que la certificación no tenga como consecuencia una nivelacióna la baja de las exigencias aplicables a los productores. La referencia a lalegislación y a las prácticas nacionales permite, inversamente, noimponer tampoco obligaciones desproporcionadas a los productores. Alinsistir sobre la necesidad de deber conformarse tanto a las normassurgidas de los estándares como a aquellas que provienen del derechoestatal, se favorece igualmente un mejor conocimiento del derechoestatal. A pesar de estas ventajas, la incorporación de normas de derechonacional es sin embargo portadora de un cierto riesgo que variará enintensidad en función a la manera en la que se lleva a cabo
Contribution Ă l'analyse critique de la certification du commerce Ă©quitable depuis une perspective juridique : l'exemple du secteur viticole
Cette thĂšse sâattache Ă dĂ©finir la certification Ă©quitable depuis une perspective juridique. Tant lâanalyse de sa dimension formelle que matĂ©rielle permettent de conclure quâelle est caractĂ©risĂ©e par un dualisme face au droit Ă©tatique. Elle entretient Ă la fois une relation dâautonomie et dâhĂ©tĂ©ronomie Ă lâĂ©gard des ordres juridiques Ă©tatiques. Sur le plan formel, le caractĂšre autonome du rĂ©gime Ă©quitable est rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© par lâexistence dâun ordre juridique distinct des ordres Ă©tatiques. En effet, les institutions du rĂ©gime Ă©quitable jouent le rĂŽle de tiers neutre et dĂ©sintĂ©ressĂ© remplissant des fonctions lĂ©gislatives, exĂ©cutives et judiciaires Ă lâĂ©gard des parties constituantes que sont les producteurs du Sud et les acheteurs du Nord. Le rapport dâhĂ©tĂ©ronomie se manifeste par lâintervention dâĂ©lĂ©ments provenant dâordres juridiques Ă©tatiques au sein du rĂ©gime. Dâune part, les relations entre les producteurs et le certificateur sont soumises au droit allemand par le biais des contrats de certification et de licence. Dâautre part, les relations salariĂ©/employeur et acheteur/vendeur, centrales dans le commerce Ă©quitable, font intervenir le droit de la consommation des pays consommateurs et le droit du travail des pays producteurs. Lâintervention dâĂ©lĂ©ments relevant dâautres ordres juridiques contribue Ă sĂ©curiser et Ă bonifier le rĂ©gime Ă©quitable. Sur le plan matĂ©riel, lâautonomie du rĂ©gime se traduit par des dispositions inĂ©dites. Bien quâoriginales par rapport aux normes dâorigine Ă©tatique, lâanalyse de ces normes montre quâelles ne se placent cependant pas en situation de concurrence face Ă celles-ci. Elles interviennent plutĂŽt comme complĂ©ment dans des sphĂšres oĂč il sâavĂšre difficile pour les normes dâorigine Ă©tatique dâintervenir, principalement en raison des limites intrinsĂšques du droit national et international. Les standards de la certification Ă©quitable ne comportent cependant pas que des normes inĂ©dites. Plusieurs reprennent textuellement des dispositions dâinstruments juridiques internationaux et nationaux dâorigine Ă©tatique, alors que dâautres les traduisent dans un langage plus accessible et adaptĂ© au contexte de leurs destinataires. Dans ces deux cas, il sâagit de rĂ©itĂ©rer le droit en vigueur plutĂŽt que de sây opposer. Son principal attrait rĂ©side dans le fait quâelle ne se limite pas Ă le rĂ©pĂ©ter mais Ă faciliter sa connaissance et sa mise en Ćuvre par des mesures concrĂštes
Le Forum, Vol. 44 #3
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1105/thumbnail.jp
Le Forum, Vol. 43 No. 1
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1099/thumbnail.jp
The 20S proteasome core, active within apoptotic exosome-like vesicles, induces autoantibody production and accelerates rejection
Autoantibodies to components of apoptotic cells, such as anti-perlecan antibodies, contribute to rejection in organ
transplant recipients. However, mechanisms of immunization to apoptotic components remain largely uncharacterized. We used large-scale proteomics, with validation by electron microscopy and biochemical methods, to compare
the protein profiles of apoptotic bodies and apoptotic exosome-like vesicles, smaller extracellular vesicles released
by endothelial cells downstream of caspase-3 activation. We identified apoptotic exosome-like vesicles as a central
trigger for production of anti-perlecan antibodies and acceleration of rejection. Unlike apoptotic bodies, apoptotic
exosome-like vesicles triggered the production of anti-perlecan antibodies in naĂŻve mice and enhanced anti-perlecan
antibody production and allograft inflammation in mice transplanted with an MHC (major histocompatibility
complex)âincompatible aortic graft. The 20S proteasome core was active within apoptotic exosome-like vesicles
and controlled their immunogenic activity. Finally, we showed that proteasome activity in circulating exosome-like
vesicles increased after vascular injury in mice. These findings open new avenues for predicting and controlling maladaptive humoral responses to apoptotic cell components that enhance the risk of rejection after transplantation
Le musée, un lieu éducatif
This anthology contains essays on various aspects of museum education, by 35 members of the Special Interest Group on Education and Museums (SIGEM). Originally presented at a conference held in Montreal in 1995, the essays in this book address a wide range of issues related to the educational function of museums. Topics discussed include: educational, scientific and museological research; the value of guided tours and visual arts workshops; the question of evaluation; and relationships between museums and schools. 21 diagrams and 19 charts. 4 texts in English 31 texts in French. Circa 480 bibl. ref
Molecular and Evolutionary Bases of Within-Patient Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity in Escherichia coli Extraintestinal Infections
Although polymicrobial infections, caused by combinations of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, are being recognised with increasing frequency, little is known about the occurrence of within-species diversity in bacterial infections and the molecular and evolutionary bases of this diversity. We used multiple approaches to study the genomic and phenotypic diversity among 226 Escherichia coli isolates from deep and closed visceral infections occurring in 19 patients. We observed genomic variability among isolates from the same site within 11 patients. This diversity was of two types, as patients were infected either by several distinct E. coli clones (4 patients) or by members of a single clone that exhibit micro-heterogeneity (11 patients); both types of diversity were present in 4 patients. A surprisingly wide continuum of antibiotic resistance, outer membrane permeability, growth rate, stress resistance, red dry and rough morphotype characteristics and virulence properties were present within the isolates of single clones in 8 of the 11 patients showing genomic micro-heterogeneity. Many of the observed phenotypic differences within clones affected the trade-off between self-preservation and nutritional competence (SPANC). We showed in 3 patients that this phenotypic variability was associated with distinct levels of RpoS in co-existing isolates. Genome mutational analysis and global proteomic comparisons in isolates from a patient revealed a star-like relationship of changes amongst clonally diverging isolates. A mathematical model demonstrated that multiple genotypes with distinct RpoS levels can co-exist as a result of the SPANC trade-off. In the cases involving infection by a single clone, we present several lines of evidence to suggest diversification during the infectious process rather than an infection by multiple isolates exhibiting a micro-heterogeneity. Our results suggest that bacteria are subject to trade-offs during an infectious process and that the observed diversity resembled results obtained in experimental evolution studies. Whatever the mechanisms leading to diversity, our results have strong medical implications in terms of the need for more extensive isolate testing before deciding on antibiotic therapies
Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.
Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (nâ=â3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (nâ=â2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (nâ=â429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (nâ=â309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs
La notion de déchet : une voie de solution adéquate pour combler les lacunes du droit européen en matiÚre de sols pollués ?
Desjardins Marie-Claude. La notion de déchet : une voie de solution adéquate pour combler les lacunes du droit européen en matiÚre de sols pollués ?. In: Revue Européenne de Droit de l'Environnement, n°2, 2006. pp. 145-152
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