Soil and floristic composition of native vegetation remnants relationship in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP

Aiming to establish the relationship between soil characteristcs and floristic composition, 95 fragments of natural vegetation were visited, and their floristic composition was determined by the expedite survey method. A total of 509 tree species belonging to 71 botanic families were found. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and a cluster analysis using relative Sørensen distance showed three floristic groups associated with particular soil types. A multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) indicated the groups consistence. A main group associated with the basalt derived soils, Purple Latosol and Lytholic soil, could be slipt into two subgroups according to the rock desintegration degree: mesophilous and decidous forest, respectively. The other two groups were linked to the Dark Red and Yellow Red Latosol, the cerradão, and to the Hydromorfic Soil, the swamp forest. Each group presented a characteristic floristic composition. Considering the most abundant tree species, meanly 65% of them showed differential occurrence in the different soil types. A high proportion of species ocurred in few fragments, and each forest remnant presented somewhat regionally rare species. The observed association between soil and remnants floristic composition could contribute to the establishment of criterion for fragment conservation as well as in determining the proper species to choose in vegetation recomposition projects.Visando o estabelecimento da relação entre as características do solo e a composição florística, foi efetuado levantamento florístico em 95 fragmentos de vegetação natural em Ribeirão Preto. Foram registradas 509 espécies arbóreas pertencentes a 71 famílias botânicas. Uma análise de correspondência retificada (DCA) e uma análise de agrupamentos utilizando a distância relativa de Sørensen indicaram a existência de três grupos florísticos, associados aos tipos de solos. A aplicação de um procedimento de permutação (MRPP) indicou que os grupos são consistentes. Um grupo maior associado aos solos derivados do basalto, Latossolo Roxo e Litossolo, pôde ser subdividido em dois subgrupos de acordo com o grau de decomposição da rocha, identificados como mata mesófila e mata decídua, respectivamente. Outros dois grupos foram identificados, um associado ao Latossolo Vermelho Escuro e Vermelho Amarelo, cerradão, e outro ao solo Hidromórfico, mata paludícola. Cada grupo apresentou uma composição florística característica. Considerando as espécies arbóreas mais comuns, cerca de 65% tendem a ocorrer de forma diferenciada entre os tipos de solos. Elevada proporção das espécies ocorreu em pequeno número de fragmentos, e cada remanescente apresentou alguma espécie considerada regionalmente rara. A associação observada entre o solo e a composição florística dos remanescentes poderá contribuir para o estabelecimento de critérios para conservação dos fragmentos de vegetação, bem como na indicação das espécies apropriadas para plantio nos projetos de recomposição da vegetação em diferentes regiões da cidade.541562Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from a wide range of species from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil

The Neotropical Atlantic Forest is considered one of the world´s richest biome in plant and animal diversity, with high frequency of endemic species. In this work we studied the chemical composition of the essential oils from 41 plants, belonging to 13 botanical families, from distinct locations of the Atlantic rainforest in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their compositions were determined by GC-MS. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the oils was investigated by growth-inhibition agar-diffusion assays, in the case of four bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium xerosis and Escherichia coli), while minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for both bacteria and fungi. For the inhibition halo analyses, Melaleuca sp. essential oil and cefotaxime were used as positive controls, whereas sterile mineral oil was used as the negative control. The analyses showed that the most abundant compounds were mono- and sesquiterpenes, although Lauraceae and Myrtaceae species oils also contained phenylpropanoids and methyl ketones, respectively. Hierarchical clustering analyses demonstrated that the mono- and sesquiterpene composition of the investigated oils was not significantly determined by the botanical family, forest location or seasonality alone; alternatively, the combination of these factors determines the chemical phenotype. The vast majority of the isolated essential oils exhibited an in vitro activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species and the composition of the bacterial cell wall is the principal factor affecting the extent of the biological activity of the investigated essential oils. The contents of the detected monoterpenes positively correlated with the observed biological activity against the given bacterial strains. Elevated contents of α- and β-pinene positively correlated with the increased inhibition of Staphylococci growth, whereas increased levels of germacrene D were associated with the antibacterial activity against C. xerosis

Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo Alarcón, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, René Guillén Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, Flávio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz Aragão, Ana Claudia Araújo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, Fabrício Baccaro, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, José Luís Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, Flávia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, José Romualdo de Sousa Lima, Mário do Espírito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila Laís Farrapo, Letícia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. García, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, Iêda Leão do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, Maurício Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, Salomão Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina Müller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de Araújo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo José Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, José Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael Salomão, Flávia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana Simão Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure Sonké, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, Fidèle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Álvarez-Dávila, Juan Carlos Andrés Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon Calderón, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando García, Alejandro Gómez, Roy González-M., Álvaro Idárraga-Piedrahíta, Eliana Jimenez, Rubén Jurado, Wilmar López Oviedo, René López-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen Pérez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin Rodríguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., Agustín Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, Markéta Chudomelová, Martin Dancak, Radim Hédl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene Báez, Carlos Céron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice Bénédet, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, Jerôme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas Labrière, Pétrus Naisso, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, Géraldine Derroire, Aurélie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel Durán Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno Hérault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen Arévalo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt García Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego García Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, Eurídice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy Núñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, José Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio Ríos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Íñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel Macía, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf Bánki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel Hernández, Rafael Herrera Fernández, Hirma Ramírez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra

Soil and floristic composition of native vegetation remnants relationship in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto, SP

Aiming to establish the relationship between soil characteristcs and floristic composition, 95 fragments of natural vegetation were visited, and their floristic composition was determined by the expedite survey method. A total of 509 tree species belonging to 71 botanic families were found. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and a cluster analysis using relative Sørensen distance showed three floristic groups associated with particular soil types. A multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP) indicated the groups consistence. A main group associated with the basalt derived soils, Purple Latosol and Lytholic soil, could be slipt into two subgroups according to the rock desintegration degree: mesophilous and decidous forest, respectively. The other two groups were linked to the Dark Red and Yellow Red Latosol, the cerradão, and to the Hydromorfic Soil, the swamp forest. Each group presented a characteristic floristic composition. Considering the most abundant tree species, meanly 65% of them showed differential occurrence in the different soil types. A high proportion of species ocurred in few fragments, and each forest remnant presented somewhat regionally rare species. The observed association between soil and remnants floristic composition could contribute to the establishment of criterion for fragment conservation as well as in determining the proper species to choose in vegetation recomposition projects.Visando o estabelecimento da relação entre as características do solo e a composição florística, foi efetuado levantamento florístico em 95 fragmentos de vegetação natural em Ribeirão Preto. Foram registradas 509 espécies arbóreas pertencentes a 71 famílias botânicas. Uma análise de correspondência retificada (DCA) e uma análise de agrupamentos utilizando a distância relativa de Sørensen indicaram a existência de três grupos florísticos, associados aos tipos de solos. A aplicação de um procedimento de permutação (MRPP) indicou que os grupos são consistentes. Um grupo maior associado aos solos derivados do basalto, Latossolo Roxo e Litossolo, pôde ser subdividido em dois subgrupos de acordo com o grau de decomposição da rocha, identificados como mata mesófila e mata decídua, respectivamente. Outros dois grupos foram identificados, um associado ao Latossolo Vermelho Escuro e Vermelho Amarelo, cerradão, e outro ao solo Hidromórfico, mata paludícola. Cada grupo apresentou uma composição florística característica. Considerando as espécies arbóreas mais comuns, cerca de 65% tendem a ocorrer de forma diferenciada entre os tipos de solos. Elevada proporção das espécies ocorreu em pequeno número de fragmentos, e cada remanescente apresentou alguma espécie considerada regionalmente rara. A associação observada entre o solo e a composição florística dos remanescentes poderá contribuir para o estabelecimento de critérios para conservação dos fragmentos de vegetação, bem como na indicação das espécies apropriadas para plantio nos projetos de recomposição da vegetação em diferentes regiões da cidade

Caracterização fenotípica de três seleções de maracujazeiro-roxo (Passiflora edulis Sims) Phenotypic characterization in three selections of purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims)

O interesse pelo cultivo do maracujazeiro-roxo vem crescendo no centro-sul do País, visando à exportação. Observa-se um número significativo de formas selvagens, nativas, compatíveis entre si, propagadas por sementes de polinização aberta, ampliando a variabilidade natural da fruteira. Com o objetivo de identificar cruzamentos com características comerciais desejáveis e disponibilizar sementes de matrizes selecionadas aos produtores, foram realizados estudos de caracterização agronômica, morfológica e citogenética, envolvendo seleções do Banco de Germoplasma de Passifloras do IAC, denominadas 'Roxinho-Miúdo', 'Paulista' e 'Maracujá-Maçã'. Durante duas safras consecutivas, foram analisados cerca de 350 flores e 150 frutos de cada seleção. A maior amplitude de variação ocorreu na massa e no tamanho dos frutos (de 21 a 193 g por fruto), seguidos pelo teor de sólidos solúveis (de 15,2 a 21,4º Brix), produção por planta (11,5 a 30,8 kg) e número de sementes por fruto (de 39 a 261 sementes). A viabilidade polínica variou de 77 a 94,5%, enquanto o teste de germinação do pólen em ágar apresentou índices de 65,5 a 86%, contribuindo para o diferencial em produtividade observado. Todas as seleções apresentaram características comerciais desejáveis. 'Roxinho-Miúdo' possui fruto redondo, pequeno, com 4 cm de diâmetro, doce e de coloração roxo-intensa, adequando-se à preferência internacional. A seleção 'Paulista' apresentou frutos ovais, destacando-se pela dupla finalidade, podendo atender também à agroindústria. O 'Maracujá-Maçã' distinguiu-se pelo maior tamanho, formato arredondado e casca rosada, apto para um segmento diferenciado de mercado, que comercializa frutas por unidade e privilegia a qualidade.<br>The interest in purple passion-fruit production is becoming higher in southeast of Brazil, aiming exportation. There are some wild, different native types with high variability due open pollination that promotes an increase in natural variability. The aim of the present work is to identify varieties with commercial values among the species and the production of seeds for breeders wishing the selection for yield improvement. In the present paper were studied horticultural, cytogenetic and morphological characters among genotypes from the IAC Germoplasm Bank of Passiflora ('Roxinho-miúdo', 'Paulista' and 'Maracujá-Maçã'). It was analyzed in each material three hundred and fifty flowers and one hundred and fifty fruits during two consecutive years. Higher differences were observed in fruit weight and size (21 to 193 g per fruit), TSS (15.2 to 21.4º Brix), plant production (11.5 to 30.8 kg) and number of seeds in the fruit (39 to 261 seeds). The pollen fertility rises from seventy-seven until ninety four percent and pollen germination was higher increasing the fruit productivity. The tested selections presented desirable commercial characteristics. The "Roxinho Miúdo" has a round small fruit, with a 4 cm diameter, sweet, purple dark, excellent to an international consumer. The 'Paulista' has oval fruits and good to fresh fruit market and or to juicy industry. The 'Maracujá-Maçã' has the biggest size; a round and a pinky colored peel good to be traded in a unique market that commercializes fruits by unit and privileges the quality

Essential Oils of Aromatic Plant Species from the Atlantic Rainforest Exhibit Extensive Chemical Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity

Microbial resistance, caused by the overuse or inadequate application of antibiotics, is a worldwide crisis, increasing the risk of treatment failure and healthcare costs. Plant essential oils (EOs) consist of hydrophobic metabolites with antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial potential of the chemical diversity of plants from the Atlantic Rainforest remains scarcely characterized. In the current work, we determined the metabolite profile of the EOs from aromatic plants from nine locations and accessed their antimicrobial and biocidal activity by agar diffusion assays, minimum inhibitory concentration, time-kill and cell-component leakage assays. The pharmacokinetic properties of the EO compounds were investigated by in silico tools. More than a hundred metabolites were identified, mainly consisting of sesqui and monoterpenes. Individual plants and botanical families exhibited extensive chemical variations in their EO composition. Probabilistic models demonstrated that qualitative and quantitative differences contribute to chemical diversity, depending on the botanical family. The EOs exhibited antimicrobial biocidal activity against pathogenic bacteria, fungi and multiple predicted pharmacological targets. Our results demonstrate the antimicrobial potential of EOs from rainforest plants, indicate novel macromolecular targets, and contribute to highlighting the chemical diversity of native species

Considerações taxonômicas e novas combinações em Ardisia Swartz (Myrsinaceae) do sudeste do Brasil Taxonomic considerations and new combinations in Ardisia Swartz (Myrsinaceae) from Southeastern Brazil

Os tipos de placentação e de pré-floração têm sido utilizados para a distinção dos gêneros Ardisia Swartz, ao qual tem sido atribuído placentação plurisseriada e pré-floração imbricada ou quincuncial, e Stylogyne A.DC., ao qual tem sido atribuído placentação unisseriada e pré-floração contorta. Entretanto, a análise de dez espécies destes gêneros revelou a inconsistência destes caracteres. Também foi constatada a impossibilidade de observar diferenças no tipo de placentação em espécimes com poucos óvulos. Propõe-se, portanto, o restabelecimento da circunscrição de Ardisia, incluindo o gênero Stylogyne, conforme adotado por Miquel, em 1856 e Handro, em 1969. Desta forma, Ardisia ambigua Mart. é o nome válido para S. ambigua (Mart.) Mez e Ardisia martiana Miq. o é para S. laevigata (Mart.) Mez. Duas novas combinações são necessárias: Ardisia depauperata (Mez) Bernacci & Jung-Mendaçolli e Ardisia warmingii (Mez) Bernacci & Jung-Mendaçolli.<br>Placentation and aestivation have traditionally been used as diagnostic features to separate the genera Ardisia Swartz and Stylogyne A.DC. While Ardisia has pluriseriate placentation and imbricate or quincuncial aestivation, Stylogyne has uniseriate placentation and contorted aestivation. However, careful examination of ten species of these genera revealed the inconsistency of these characters in the distinction of the two genera. Also, we noticed the impossibility of observation of placentation types in few-ovuled specimens. Therefore, we propose the re-establishment of the circumscription of Ardisia adopted by Miquel, in 1856, and Handro, in 1969 which includes the genus Stylogyne. In this way Ardisia ambigua Mart. is the valid name for S. ambigua (Mart.) Mez as Ardisia martiana Miq. is for S. laevigata (Mart.) Mez. Two new combinations are necessary: Ardisia depauperata (Mez) Bernacci & Jung-Mendaçolli and Ardisia warmingii (Mez) Bernacci & Jung-Mendaçolli

Passiflora edulis Sims: the correct taxonomic way to cite the yellow passion fruit (and of others colors) Passiflora edulis Sims: a maneira taxonômica correta de referir-se ao maracujá-amarelo (e aos de outras cores)

Passiflora edulis, the passion fruit native from Brazil, has several common names (such as sour passion fruit, yellow passion fruit, black passion fruit, and purple passion fruit), and presents a wide variability with the different rind colors of its fruits, which are very easy to notice. However, in 1932, Otto Degener suggested that the yellow passion fruit had its origin in Australia through breeding, calling it P. edulis forma flavicarpa, and that it could be distinguished by the color of the fruit, the deeper shade of purple of the corona, and the presence of glands on the sepals. These distinctions do not support themselves, for the glands are common to the species (although they may be absent), and the corona has a wide range of colors, regardless of the color of the fruit. A more critical ingredient is the fact that the external coloration of the fruit is a character of complex inheritance and is not dominant, thus displaying a number of intermediate colors, making it difficult to identify the extreme colors. For the correct scientific naming of agricultural plants, the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature must be used in conjunction with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, with the selections with significant agronomic characteristics recognized and named cultivars. In accordance with the international convention promoted by the UPOV, of which Brazil is a signatory, several colors (light yellow, yellow, orange yellow, pink red, red, red purple, green purple, purple, and dark purple) can be recognized in order to adequately characterize passion fruit cultivars within the species P. edulis. At taxonomic level, Passiflora edulis Sims must be used for any plant and color of sour passion fruits, in combination with a cultivar name for the selected materials.<br>Passiflora edulis, o maracujá é nativo do Brasil, apresenta vários nomes populares (tais como maracujá-azedo, maracujá-amarelo, maracujá-preto e maracujá-roxo) e grande variabilidade, sendo que diferentes cores da casca do fruto são facilmente observadas. Entretanto, em 1932, Otto Degener sugeriu que o maracujá-amarelo tenha originado através de melhoramento genético, na Austrália, denominando-o como P. edulis forma flavicarpa, e poderia ser reconhecido pela cor do fruto, pela porção colorida da corona, maior e de um arroxeado mais escuro, e pela presença de glândulas nas sépalas. Essa distinção não se sustenta, pois essas glândulas são comuns na espécie (embora possam estar ausentes), e a corona tem grande variação de cores, independentemente da cor do fruto. Ainda mais crítico é o fato de que a coloração externa do fruto é um caráter de herança complexa e não tem dominância, existindo, por isso, várias cores intermediárias e dificuldades para reconhecer quais as cores extremas. Para a correta denominação científica das plantas agrícolas, devem ser utilizados, simultaneamente, o Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Botânica e o Código Internacional de Nomenclatura de Plantas Cultivadas, sendo que seleções com características agronômicas importantes devem ser reconhecidas e denominadas como cultivares. De acordo com a convenção internacional promovida pela UPOV, da qual o Brasil é signatário, várias cores (amarelo-pálido, amarelo, amarelo-alaranjado, vermelho-rosado, vermelho, roxo-avermelhado, roxo-esverdeado, roxo e roxo-escuro) podem ser reconhecidas para a adequada caracterização das cultivares de maracujá, dentro da espécie Passiflora edulis. Ao nível taxonômico, portanto, correta, prática e simplesmente, deve-se utilizar Passiflora edulis Sims, para toda e qualquer planta e cor de fruto do maracujá-azedo, associando-se a elas um nome de cultivar para os materiais selecionados

Disturbances, elevation, topography and spatial proximity drive vegetation patterns along an altitudinal gradient of a top biodiversity hotspot

The correlation between vegetation patterns (species distribution and richness) and altitudinal variation has been widely reported for tropical forests, thereby providing theoretical basis for biodiversity conservation. However, this relationship may have been oversimplified, as many other factors may influence vegetation patterns, such as disturbances, topography and geographic distance. Considering these other factors, our primary question was: is there a vegetation pattern associated with substantial altitudinal variation (10-1,093 m a.s.l.) in the Atlantic Rainforest-a top hotspot for biodiversity conservation-and, if so, what are the main factors driving this pattern? We addressed this question by sampling 11 1-ha plots, applying multivariate methods, correlations and variance partitioning. The Restinga (forest on sandbanks along the coastal plains of Brazil) and a lowland area that was selectively logged 40 years ago were floristically isolated from the other plots. The maximum species richness (>200 spp. per hectare) occurred at approximately 350 m a.s.l. (submontane forest). Gaps, multiple stemmed trees, average elevation and the standard deviation of the slope significantly affected the vegetation pattern. Spatial proximity also influenced the vegetation pattern as a structuring environmental variable or via dispersal constraints. Our results clarify, for the first time, the key variables that drive species distribution and richness across a large altitudinal range within the Atlantic Rainforest. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht