Tilrettelegging for lek og aktivitet ute om vinteren: En bacheloroppgave som omhandler personalet som tilretteleggere ute om vinteren.

Problemstilling: Hvordan legger personalet i barnehagen til rette for lek og fysisk aktivitet for 2-åringene ute om vinteren?publishedVersio

Pro-arrhythmic effect of escitalopram and citalopram at serum concentrations commonly observed in older patients – a study based on a cohort of 19,742 patients

Background - For a decade, patients have been advised against using high citalopram- and escitalopram-doses due to risk for ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac arrest. Still, these drugs are widely used to treat depression and anxiety especially in older patients. It is unclear why they are cardiotoxic and at what serum concentrations patients are at risk for arrhythmias. Thus, how many patients that are at risk for iatrogenic cardiac arrest is unknown. Methods - We studied the arrhythmogenic effects of citalopram, escitalopram and their metabolites on human cardiomyocytes. Concentrations showing pro-arrhythmic activity were compared with observed drug and metabolite serum concentrations in a cohort of 19,742 patients (age 12–105 years) using escitalopram or citalopram in Norway (2010–2019). As arrhythmia-risk is related to maximum serum concentration, this was simulated for different age-groups from the escitalopram patient material. Findings - Therapeutic concentrations of both citalopram and escitalopram but not their metabolites showed pro-arrhythmic changes in the human cardiac action potential. Due to age-dependent reduction of drug clearance, the proportion of patients above threshold for arrhythmia-risk increased with age. 20% of patients >65 years were predicted to reach potentially pro-arrhythmic concentrations, following intake of 10 mg escitalopram. Interpretation - All patients that are using escitalopram or citalopram and have genetic disposition for acquired long-QT syndrome, are >65 years, are using additional pro-arrhythmic drugs or have predisposition for arrhythmias, should be monitored with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to avoid exposure to potentially cardiotoxic concentrations. Serum concentrations should be kept below 100 nM, to reduce arrhythmia-risk

Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the carbon dioxide and nitrogen (CO2+N2) system at the temperatures 223, 270, 298 and 303 K and pressures up to 18 MPa

A new setup for the measurement of vapor-liquid phase equilibria of CO2-rich mixtures relevant for carbon capture and storage (CCS) transport conditions is presented. An isothermal analytical method with a variable volume cell is used. The apparatus is capable of highly accurate measurements in terms of pressure, temperature and composition, also in the critical region. Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) measurements for the binary system CO2+N2 are reported at 223, 270, 298 and 303 K, with estimated standard uncertainties of maximum 0.006 K in the temperature, maximum 0.003 MPa in the pressure, and maximum 0.0004 in the mole fractions of the phases. These measurements are verified against existing data. Although some data exists, there is little trustworthy data around critical conditions, and our data indicate a need to revise the parameters of existing models. A fit made against our data of the vapor-liquid equilibrium prediction of GERG-2008/EOS-CG for CO2+N2 is presented. At 223 and 298 K, the critical region of the isotherm are fitted using a scaling law, and high accuracy estimates for the critical composition and pressure are found

Profiting from CCS Innovations: A Study to Measure Potential Value Creation from CCS Research and Development

publishedVersio

Population pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients - A model for individual dosing

Background: Population pharmacokinetics is the study of pharmacokinetic variability in the population. One goal of such studies is to improve individual drug treatment by identifying relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug used in kidney transplantation. Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window and large pharmacokinetic variability both between and within patients. In addition, dose-normalized whole blood concentrations tend to increase during the first months after kidney transplantation. Therefore, individual dosing of tacrolimus is a major clinical challenge. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for tacrolimus to aid in prediction of initial dose and individual dose requirements during the first ten weeks after kidney transplantation. Methods: Twenty-nine kidney transplant recipients contributed full pharmacokinetic profiles of tacrolimus at 44 dosing occasions, and 44 patients contributed trough concentrations from the first ten weeks after kidney transplantation. A total of 1546 blood samples were analyzed. Demographic, clinical and pharmacogenetic patient characteristics were evaluated as covariates. Population pharmacokinetic modeling was performed in NONMEM 7.2®. Results: A two compartment model with first order absorption and lag time adequately described the data. Relative bioavailability was 24 % lower in females than in males and 49 % lower in CYP3A5 expressers than in CYP3A5 nonexpressers. Fat free mass was the most predictive body size metric. Whole blood concentrations of tacrolimus increased linearly with increasing hematocrit. An underlying increase in hematocrit with time after kidney transplantation largely explained the apparent time-varying pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus. In addition, relative bioavailability was 122 % higher than its lowest value immediately after transplantation, decreased to its lowest value during the first four days and subsequently increased by 31 % with an asymptote at day 60. Conclusions: Initial dose of tacrolimus should be predicted from sex, CYP3A5 genotype, fat free mass and hematocrit. Hematocrit is an important factor to predict changes in tacrolimus whole blood concentrations over time. The model may potentially aid in individual dosing of tacrolimus. Its predictive performance must be evaluated before application in clinical practice

Kvanteutbytte og lipidproduksjon i totrinns kjemostat med lys- og CO2-begrensning

Globalt er det en stadig økende etterspørsel etter energi. Mest ønskelig er det med bærekraftig og fornybar energi, men lang tid vil sannsynligvis ennå gå før fossile kilder til energi, og da særlig drivstoff, kan erstattes i betydelig grad av mer miljøvennlige kilder. Mikroalger regnes av flere for å være den eneste kilden til fornybar energi som alene har potensial til å dekke hele verdens etterspørsel etter drivstoff. Likevel er det mange hindringer på veien før kommersiell massedyrking av mikroalger for biodieselproduksjon i stor skala kan starte opp, de fleste økonomisk relaterte. Mange produksjonsledd kan effektiviseres, og et av dem er å oppnå økt utbytte av lipider, som er hovedbestanddelen i biodiesel. Når mikroalger dyrkes ved vekstvilkår forbundet med stress, som for eksempel mangel på nitrogen, forbindes dette med nedsatt vekstrate. Samtidig forbindes det med økt lipidutbytte. Dette er fordi algene, når de på grunn av substratmangel ikke kan vokse, lagrer overskuddsenergien fra fotosynteseapparatet i form av lipider. En lignende mekanisme ble forsøkt funnet ved å dyrke mikroalger ved CO2-begrensende vekstvilkår. Det ble konstruert en totrinns kjemostat for dyrking av mikroalger. I første trinn var forholdene lysbegrensende for vekst, mens CO2 var begrensende faktor for vekst i andre trinn. Alger ble kontinuerlig pumpet fra første til andre trinn, slik at de først en periode fikk vokse ubegrenset, før de ble utsatt for akutt mangel på CO2. Algene ble kontinuerlig overvåket med et system for automatisk logging av lysabsorpsjon, pH og temperatur, og prøver til lipid- og pigmentanalyser ble tatt daglig. For lipidanalyse ble algeprøvene farget med Nile Red, som gir fluorescensrespons ved farging av lipider. Slik kunne utviklingen i de to trinnene sammenlignes. Det ble ikke funnet noe mønster for økt lipidproduktivitet som følge av behandlingen i kjemostaten. Det ble imidlertid observert andre fenomener, som økt cellemasse, lavere klorofyll a-konsentrasjon og større optisk tverrsnitt