DISINFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY ARRANGEMENTS IN ROMANIA

Disinflation has been pursued successfully in Romania in recent years. Inflation came down from over 40 per cent in 2001 to 14 per cent in 2003 and is expected to be cca 9.5 per cent in 2004. By 2007 it should come down to around 3%. The benefits of a lowinflation environment are unquestionable, as price stability is the ultimate objective of monetary policy. In addition, low inflation is a pre-condition for EU accession. There only remains the other critical question, namely, what is the proper strategy to achieve the ultimate objective. Different central banks have adopted strategies which place different emphasize on the various pieces of information, or elements of their decision-making process or different aspects of their communication policies. Inflation targeting (IT) is one of those strategies.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40175/3/wp789.pd

DISINFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY ARRANGEMENTS IN ROMANIA

Disinflation has been pursued successfully in Romania in recent years. Inflation came down from over 40 per cent in 2001 to 14 per cent in 2003 and is expected to be cca 9.5 per cent in 2004. By 2007 it should come down to around 3%. The benefits of a lowinflation environment are unquestionable, as price stability is the ultimate objective of monetary policy. In addition, low inflation is a pre-condition for EU accession. There only remains the other critical question, namely, what is the proper strategy to achieve the ultimate objective. Different central banks have adopted strategies which place different emphasize on the various pieces of information, or elements of their decision-making process or different aspects of their communication policies. Inflation targeting (IT) is one of those strategies.inflation-targeting, transition economy, EU accession

Disinflation and Inflation Targeting in Romania

With a view of enhancing disinflation inflation targeting (IT) was introduced in Romania in mid-2005. Contradictory pressures have challenged ever since the functioning of this monetary policy regime owing to peculiar features and objectives of the Romanian economy. First, the requirements imposed by the achievement of nominal and real convergence in order to join the European Union, and, eventually, the European Monetary Union, ask for sustainable high economic growth and the consolidation of disinflation simultaneously, which is an extremely ambitious task. Second, the economics of inflation targeting tells that the “divine coincidence” of inflation stabilization and real stabilization objectives can be achieved in specific economic circumstances, which might be pretty hard to fulfill in the Romanian economy. Third, the operational requirements of the implementation of a strict inflation targeting regime are unlikely to be met under the current monetary transmission mechanisms; this paper argues that a soft version of inflation-targeting is feasible under the circumstances. Fourth, the integration into global financial market (and a premature opening of the capital account) increases the sensitivity of the economy to external shocks and diminishes the efficiency of an independent monetary policy.inflation targeting, Romania

Infectious hepatitis as occupational disease

Prikazan je problem infekcioznog hepatitisa kao profesionalnog oboljenja. U klinikama Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu (bolnica Rebro) oboljelo je u razdoblju od 1947. do 1950. godine 20 namještenika od infekcioznog hepatitisa. Epidemiološka analiza pokazuje, da uzrok infekciji ne leži u prijenosu virusa preko inficirane hrane ili vode, a ni u prostornoj ili kapljičnoj infekciji. Najvjerojatniji je izvor infekcije direktni ili indirektni kontakt s oboljelima od manifestnog ili latentnog infekcioznog hepatitisa, i to preko krvi ili ekskreta bolesnika.The problem of infectious hepatitis as a professional disease is discussed on the basis of 20 cases among the staff of the clinics of the Zagreb Medical Faculty (at Rebro) having occurred between 1947 and 1950. Tables 1 and 2 show subjective symptoms of the preicteric and objective symptoms of the icteric stage. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratio of the diseased members of the staff in various specialties to the total numbers of the staff m these specialties as well as their mutual relation at the various clinics, institutes and laboratories. The tables show that only those in close (direct or indirect) contact with patients fell ill. The relation between these two groups of employees is shown on Table 5. Epidemiological analysis shows that the cause of the infection lay neither in the communication or the virus through infected food or water nor in droplet infection. Had infection spread through these channels the difference between the two groups of employees - those having had contact with the patients and those having not - would not have been so sharp. The most likely source of infection is the direct or indirect contact with persons suffering from manifest or latent infectious hepatitis i. e. with their blood or feces. lt is not quite clear whether infection is as a rule peroral by means of hands infected with blood or feces or »inoculative« by a fortuitous stitch or other unskilful handling of such infected material as syringes, test-tubes &c. lt has been interesting to note that in one ward of the Internal Clinic where the cases of infectious hepatitis were concentraced, there were no employees manifestly ilI nor were there any latent or laboratory symptoms of virosis. This shows that epidemiologically important are not only the manifest cases of infectious hepatitis but also -and in a certain sense perhaps still more so- the subclinical and latent ones

Infectious hepatitis as occupational disease

Prikazan je problem infekcioznog hepatitisa kao profesionalnog oboljenja. U klinikama Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu (bolnica Rebro) oboljelo je u razdoblju od 1947. do 1950. godine 20 namještenika od infekcioznog hepatitisa. Epidemiološka analiza pokazuje, da uzrok infekciji ne leži u prijenosu virusa preko inficirane hrane ili vode, a ni u prostornoj ili kapljičnoj infekciji. Najvjerojatniji je izvor infekcije direktni ili indirektni kontakt s oboljelima od manifestnog ili latentnog infekcioznog hepatitisa, i to preko krvi ili ekskreta bolesnika.The problem of infectious hepatitis as a professional disease is discussed on the basis of 20 cases among the staff of the clinics of the Zagreb Medical Faculty (at Rebro) having occurred between 1947 and 1950. Tables 1 and 2 show subjective symptoms of the preicteric and objective symptoms of the icteric stage. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratio of the diseased members of the staff in various specialties to the total numbers of the staff m these specialties as well as their mutual relation at the various clinics, institutes and laboratories. The tables show that only those in close (direct or indirect) contact with patients fell ill. The relation between these two groups of employees is shown on Table 5. Epidemiological analysis shows that the cause of the infection lay neither in the communication or the virus through infected food or water nor in droplet infection. Had infection spread through these channels the difference between the two groups of employees - those having had contact with the patients and those having not - would not have been so sharp. The most likely source of infection is the direct or indirect contact with persons suffering from manifest or latent infectious hepatitis i. e. with their blood or feces. lt is not quite clear whether infection is as a rule peroral by means of hands infected with blood or feces or »inoculative« by a fortuitous stitch or other unskilful handling of such infected material as syringes, test-tubes &c. lt has been interesting to note that in one ward of the Internal Clinic where the cases of infectious hepatitis were concentraced, there were no employees manifestly ilI nor were there any latent or laboratory symptoms of virosis. This shows that epidemiologically important are not only the manifest cases of infectious hepatitis but also -and in a certain sense perhaps still more so- the subclinical and latent ones

Gnoseological implications of law application

Předkládané zkoumání Gnozeologické aspekty aplikace práva se zabývá poznáváním během soudního rozhodování, v pozitivním právu označovanou jako dokazování. Práce se však neomezuje na platné důkazní právo, spíše se soustředí na teorii soudního poznávání stojící v pozadí důkazního práva, a to ne vždy na jasně formulovaných základech. Tyto základy či axiomy teorie poznání v právu se předkládané zkoumání snaží odkrýt a explicitně formulovat. Vedle úvodní kapitoly, představující strukturu a záměr zkoumání, a kapitoly závěrečné, shrnující provedené úvahy, je analýza rozdělena do čtyř částí. V kapitole nazvané Prolegomena k teorii poznání je představena obecná problematika filosofie poznání na pozadí kritiky víry v možnost objektivního poznání - ať už empirického či racionálního - a má posloužit jako východisko pro analýzu svébytné právní gnozeologie. Následující kapitola Specifika poznávání v právu je vedena deskriptivně a snaží se zevrubně prozkoumat soudní poznávání a popsat jeho základní atributy především na základě odlišností, které vymezují poznávání v právu vůči obecnému poznání. Prostor je rovněž věnován komparaci platných procesních předpisů napříč právními odvětvími a jejich přístupu k úpravě zkoumaných otázek. Kapitola nazvaná Pragmatická doktrína se posléze pokouší o syntézu a určité zobecnění...This diploma thesis Gnoseological implication of law application inquires the epistemology of judicial decisions, known as proving. The work does not confine itself to mere law rules of proving before the court; rather it focuses on the comprehensive theory of the judicial cognition, which dwells in the proving law basis is not always clearly defined. These basis or axioms of law epistemology are to be exploited and clarified by our paper. Except the introduction and the final conclusion, the analyses are divided into four chapters. The chapter Prolegomena k teorii poznání explores the general cognition philosophy with references to the critical reflection of the (both empirical and rational) cognitional possibilities. It is supposed to be a source of the scrutiny of the special judicial cognition. The following chapter Specifika poznávání v právu uses the descriptive method to study the main characteristics of the specific judicial cognition as long as they differ from the characteristics of the general cognition. The comparison of the theoretical and real law approach is also given a consideration. The chapter Pragmatická doktrína is trying to provide integration as well as a generalization of the previous discoveries and in the conclusion it aims to provide clear and explicit gnoseological theory...Department of Legal Theory and Legal DoctrinesKatedra teorie práva a právních učeníFaculty of LawPrávnická fakult

O-Arylation of Iodophenols with 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde Under Microwave Conditions

The arylation of 4-iodo-, 2-iodo- and 3-iodophenols with 2-fluorobenzaldehyde may be carried out in the presence of K2CO3 in DMF as the solvent under microwave conditions. The arylation of 4-iodophenole was promoted by the use of triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC) as the phase transfer catalyst. In the other model reactions, the use of TEBAC was harmful. By-products formed by isomerization and disproportionation were also detected

Tracing a Route and Finding a Shortcut: The Working Memory, Motivational, and Personality Factors Involved

Wayfinding (WF) is the ability to move around efficiently and find the way from a starting point to a destination. It is a component of spatial navigation, a coordinate and goal-directed movement of one\u2019s self through the environment. In the present study, the relationship between WF tasks (route tracing and shortcut finding) and individual factors were explored with the hypothesis that WF tasks would be predicted by different types of cognitive, affective, motivational variables, and personality factors. A group of 116 university students (88 F.) were conducted along a route in a virtual environment and then asked first to trace the same route again, and then to find a shortcut between the start and end points. Several instruments assessing visuospatial working memory, mental rotation ability, self-efficacy, spatial anxiety, positive attitude to exploring, and personality traits were administered. The results showed that a latent spatial ability factor (measured with the visuospatial working memory and mental rotations tests) \u2013 controlled for gender \u2013 predicted route-tracing performance, while self-report measures of anxiety, efficacy, and pleasure in exploring, and some personality traits were more likely to predict shortcut-finding performance. We concluded that both personality and cognitive abilities affect WF performance, but differently, depending on the requirements of the task

Distinct Visual Working Memory Systems for View-Dependent and View-Invariant Representation

Background: How do people sustain a visual representation of the environment? Currently, many researchers argue that a single visual working memory system sustains non-spatial object information such as colors and shapes. However, previous studies tested visual working memory for two-dimensional objects only. In consequence, the nature of visual working memory for three-dimensional (3D) object representation remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, I show that when sustaining information about 3D objects, visual working memory clearly divides into two separate, specialized memory systems, rather than one system, as was previously thought. One memory system gradually accumulates sensory information, forming an increasingly precise view-dependent representation of the scene over the course of several seconds. A second memory system sustains view-invariant representations of 3D objects. The view-dependent memory system has a storage capacity of 3–4 representations and the view-invariant memory system has a storage capacity of 1–2 representations. These systems can operate independently from one another and do not compete for working memory storage resources. Conclusions/Significance: These results provide evidence that visual working memory sustains object information in two separate, specialized memory systems. One memory system sustains view-dependent representations of the scene, akin to the view-specific representations that guide place recognition during navigation in humans, rodents and insects. Th

Sensory gating in primary insomnia

Although previous research indicates that sleep architecture is largely intact in primary insomnia (PI), the spectral content of the sleeping electroencephalographic trace and measures of brain metabolism suggest that individuals with PI are physiologically more aroused than good sleepers. Such observations imply that individuals with PI may not experience the full deactivation of sensory and cognitive processing, resulting in reduced filtering of external sensory information during sleep. To test this hypothesis, gating of sensory information during sleep was tested in participants with primary insomnia ( n  = 18) and good sleepers ( n  = 20). Sensory gating was operationally defined as (i) the difference in magnitude of evoked response potentials elicited by pairs of clicks presented during Wake and Stage II sleep, and (ii) the number of K complexes evoked by the same auditory stimulus. During wake the groups did not differ in magnitude of sensory gating. During sleep, sensory gating of the N350 component was attenuated and completely diminished in participants with insomnia. P450, which occurred only during sleep, was strongly gated in good sleepers, and less so in participants with insomnia. Additionally, participants with insomnia showed no stimulus-related increase in K complexes. Thus, PI is potentially associated with impaired capacity to filter out external sensory information, especially during sleep. The potential of using stimulus-evoked K complexes as a biomarker for primary insomnia is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79243/1/j.1460-9568.2010.07237.x.pd