73 research outputs found
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Convergence rates across the Ventura Basin, California
Four cross sections are balanced and retrodeformed to 250±50 ka and
975±75 ka to yield crustal shortening amounts and rates for the western
Transverse Ranges of California. The cross sections compare the shortening
that occurs along a transfer zone in which displacement is transferred eastward
from a surface reverse fault (Red Mountain fault) to a blind thrust, to a
combination of both a surface reverse fault (San Cayetano fault) and the blind
thrust, and to a surface reverse fault (Modelo lobe segment of the San
Cayetano fault). Deformation can be separated into three phases: (1) pre-
Vaqueros (pre-late Oligocene-early Miocene) tilting in the hanging-wall block
of the Oak Ridge fault that is coincident with normal faulting farther south at
Big Mountain and to the east in the east Ventura basin, (2) Pliocene reverse
faulting and folding, and (3) Quaternary deformation. Crustal shortening rates
have increased through time. For the four cross sections, crustal shortening
rates were 4±4 mm/y, 5±2 mm/y, 6±5 mm/y, and 14±6 mm/y for the interval
between 250 ka and 975 ka. Since 250±50 ka, crustal shortening rates
increased to 23±12 mm/y, 29±7 mm/y, 27±11 mm/y, and 25±11 mm/y. But
crustal convergence rates determined by Global Positioning System (GPS)
surveys, taken over an interval of 2.7 years, indicate a shortening rate of only
7±2 mm/y across the basin. The discrepancy between a rate of strain over a
short, recent time period of little seismic activity, and a faster rate determined
by the offset of bedrock horizons over several hundred thousand years indicates
that much of the present crustal movement is being stored as elastic strain that
could result in the release of energy in damaging earthquakes
IODP Expedition 334: An Investigation of the Sedimentary Record, Fluid Flow and State of Stress on Top of the Seismogenic Zone of an Erosive Subduction Margin
The Costa Rica Seismogenesis Project (CRISP) is an
experiment to understand the processes that control nucleation
and seismic rupture of large earthquakes at erosional
subduction zones. Integrated Ocean Drililng Program
(IODP) Expedition 334 by R/V JOIDES Resolution is the first
step toward deep drilling through the aseismic and seismic
plate boundary at the Costa Rica subduction zone offshore
the Osa Peninsula where the Cocos Ridge is subducting
beneath the Caribbean plate. Drilling operations included
logging while drilling (LWD) at two slope sites (Sites U1378
and U1379) and coring at three slope sites (Sites U1378–1380)
and at one site on the Cocos plate (Site U1381). For the first
time the lithology, stratigraphy, and age of the slope and
incoming sediments as well as the petrology of the subducting
Cocos Ridge have been characterized at this margin.
The slope sites recorded a high sediment accumulation rate
of 160–1035m m.y.-1 possibly caused by on-land uplift triggered
by the subduction of the Cocos Ridge. The geochemical
data as well as the in situ temperature data obtained at
the slope sites suggest that fluids are transported from
greater depths. The geochemical profiles at Site U1381 reflect
diffusional communication of a fluid with seawater-like
chemistry and the igneous basement of the Cocos plate
(Solomon et al., 2011; Vannucchi et al., 2012a). The
present-day in situ stress orientation determined by borehole
breakouts at Site U1378 in the middle slope and Site
U1379 in the upper slope shows a marked change in stress
state within ~12 km along the CRISP transect; that may
correspond to a change from compression (middle slope) to
extension (upper slope)
Southern California Earthquake Center Geologic Vertical Motion Database
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94655/1/ggge1319.pd
Unified Structural Representation of the southern California crust and upper mantle
We present a new, 3D description of crust and upper mantle velocity structure in southern California implemented as a Unified Structural Representation (USR). The USR is comprised of detailed basin velocity descriptions that are based on tens of thousands of direct velocity (Vp, Vs) measurements and incorporates the locations and displacement of major fault zones that influence basin structure. These basin descriptions were used to developed tomographic models of crust and upper mantle velocity and density structure, which were subsequently iterated and improved using 3D waveform adjoint tomography. A geotechnical layer (GTL) based on Vs30 measurements and consistent with the underlying velocity descriptions was also developed as an optional model component. The resulting model provides a detailed description of the structure of the southern California crust and upper mantle that reflects the complex tectonic history of the region. The crust thickens eastward as Moho depth varies from 10 to 40 km reflecting the transition from oceanic to continental crust. Deep sedimentary basins and underlying areas of thin crust reflect Neogene extensional tectonics overprinted by transpressional deformation and rapid sediment deposition since the late Pliocene. To illustrate the impact of this complex structure on strong ground motion forecasting, we simulate rupture of a proposed M 7.9 earthquake source in the Western Transverse Ranges. The results show distinct basin amplification and focusing of energy that reflects crustal structure described by the USR that is not captured by simpler velocity descriptions. We anticipate that the USR will be useful for a broad range of simulation and modeling efforts, including strong ground motion forecasting, dynamic rupture simulations, and fault system modeling. The USR is available through the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) website (http://www.scec.org)
The geotectonics and geotechnics of Traveston Crossing Dam foundation
Traveston Crossing Dam is proposed for construction at AMTD 207.6 km on the Mary River about 25 km upstream of Gympie in South East Queensland. The Mary Valley at the damsite is located in a zone of complex geology resulting from formation in a tectonic accretionery wedge setting. This has been responsible for a complex current geological setting which has required a range of geological/geotechnical investigation and interpretation techniques to develop a model on which to base the dam's preliminary design. This paper describes the tectonic history and the innovative techniques used in developing the geological model for the dam foundation. The investigation involved the following specific investigative techniques; aerial photograph interpretation, geological mapping, geotechnical drilling including water pressure testing, seismic refraction profiling, downhole geophysical logging, excavation and geological mapping of large excavations, and hydrogeological investigation involving investigative drilling and pumping tests. A Vulcan 3D computerised geological model was constructed using borehole data, seismic refraction interpretation and downhole geophysics interpretation. The geological model has been used in the development of the preliminary design and confirms that the foundations are suitable for the proposed structure
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plate1-XVI.jpg
The Upper Ojai Valley is a tectonic depression between
opposing reverse faults, Its northern border is formed
by the active, north-dipping San Cayetano fault with 6.0
km of dip-slip displacement in the Silverthread oil field
and 2.6 km displacement west of Sisar Creek; the fault
dies out farther west in Ojai Valley. The southern
border is formed by the late Quaternary Sisar-Big
Canyon-Lion fault set which dips south and merges into
the Sisar decollement within the south-dipping, ductile
Rincon Formation. Folds with north-dipping axial planes,
including the Lion Mountain anticline and Reeves
syncline, are middle Pleistocene or older and are related
to movement on a frontal strand of the San Cayetano
fault. In late Quaternary time, the Sulphur Mountain
anticlinorium and the Big Canyon syncline began forming
as fault-propagation folds, followed closely by the
ramping of the south-dipping faults to the surface over
the Saugus Formation. To the east, the San Cayetano
fault locally overrides and folds the south-dipping
faults. Cross-section balancing shows that the Miocene
and younger rocks above the Sisar decollement are
shortened 6.7km more than the more, competent rocks below.
A solution to this bed-length problem is that the
decollement becomes a ramp and merges at depth with the
steeply south-dipping Oak Ridge fault. This implies that
the Sisar, Big Canyon, and Lion faults are frontal
thrusts to the Oak Ridge fault. The total horizontal
shortening since Pliocene time is 14.5km.
Recently-drilled wells in the Chaffee Canyon
oil field, Ventura County, California, reveal that the
Wiley Canyon producing anticline formed in the
Pleistocene prior to much of the displacement on the Oak
Ridge fault. The east and west plunge in part predates
deposition of the Vaqueros Formation of early Miocene
age. The dip on the south strand of the Oak Ridge fault
increases eastward across the field from 70-75° to
83-85°; farther east, the fault plane is overturned and
dips north. The Torrey fault can be traced northwest
under a landslide east of Wiley Canyon anticline but not
farther northwest
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Plate_III.jpg
Four cross sections are balanced and retrodeformed to 250±50 ka and
975±75 ka to yield crustal shortening amounts and rates for the western
Transverse Ranges of California. The cross sections compare the shortening
that occurs along a transfer zone in which displacement is transferred eastward
from a surface reverse fault (Red Mountain fault) to a blind thrust, to a
combination of both a surface reverse fault (San Cayetano fault) and the blind
thrust, and to a surface reverse fault (Modelo lobe segment of the San
Cayetano fault). Deformation can be separated into three phases: (1) pre-
Vaqueros (pre-late Oligocene-early Miocene) tilting in the hanging-wall block
of the Oak Ridge fault that is coincident with normal faulting farther south at
Big Mountain and to the east in the east Ventura basin, (2) Pliocene reverse
faulting and folding, and (3) Quaternary deformation. Crustal shortening rates
have increased through time. For the four cross sections, crustal shortening
rates were 4±4 mm/y, 5±2 mm/y, 6±5 mm/y, and 14±6 mm/y for the interval
between 250 ka and 975 ka. Since 250±50 ka, crustal shortening rates
increased to 23±12 mm/y, 29±7 mm/y, 27±11 mm/y, and 25±11 mm/y. But
crustal convergence rates determined by Global Positioning System (GPS)
surveys, taken over an interval of 2.7 years, indicate a shortening rate of only
7±2 mm/y across the basin. The discrepancy between a rate of strain over a
short, recent time period of little seismic activity, and a faster rate determined
by the offset of bedrock horizons over several hundred thousand years indicates
that much of the present crustal movement is being stored as elastic strain that
could result in the release of energy in damaging earthquakes
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