32 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Contrasting Experimentally Device-Manipulated and Device-Free Smiles.
Researchers in psychology have long been interested in not only studying smiles, but in examining the downstream effects of experimentally manipulated smiles. To experimentally manipulate smiles unobtrusively, participants typically hold devices (e.g., pens or chopsticks) in their mouths in a manner that activates the muscles involved in smiling. Surprisingly, despite decades of research using these methods, no study has tested to what degree these methods activate the same muscles as more natural, device-free smiles. Our study fills this gap in the literature by contrasting the magnitude of muscle activation in device-free smiles against the popular chopstick/pen manipulation. We also contrast these methods against the Smile Stick, a new device specifically designed to manipulate smiles in a comfortable and hygienic fashion. One hundred fifty-nine participants each participated in three facial expression manipulations that were held for 1 min: smile manipulation via Smile Stick, smile manipulation via chopsticks, and device-free smile. Facial electromyography was used to measure the intensity of the activation of the two main types of muscles involved in genuine, Duchenne smiling: the orbicularis oculi (a muscle group around the eyes) and the zygomaticus major (a muscle group in the cheeks). Furthermore, following each manipulation, participants rated their experience of the manipulation (i.e., comfort, fatigue, and difficulty), experienced affect (positive and negative), and levels of arousal. Results indicated that the Smile Stick and chopsticks performed equally across all measurements. Device-free smiles were rated as most comfortable but also the most fatiguing, and procured the greatest levels of positive affect and lowest levels of negative affect. Furthermore, device-free smiles resulted in significantly higher levels of both zygomaticus major (by ∼40%) and orbicularis oculi (by ∼15%) muscle activation than either the Smile Stick or chopsticks. The two devices were not different from each other in muscle activation. This study reveals that while device-free smiling procures the greatest changes in muscle activation and affect change, smiling muscle groups are activated by device manipulations, and expected changes in affect do occur, albeit to a lesser degree than device-free smiling. It also indicates that the Smile Stick is an acceptable and comparable alternative to disposable chopsticks
Aperiodic nano-photonic design
The photon scattering properties of aperiodic nano-scale dielectric
structures can be tailored to closely match a desired response by using
adaptive algorithms for device design. We show that broken symmetry of
aperiodic designs provides access to device functions not available to
conventional periodic photonic crystal structures.Comment: 23 pages, LaTex, 8 postscript figure
A Fourier (k-) space design approach for controllable photonic band and localization states in aperiodic lattices
In this paper we present a systematic study of photonic bandgap engineering
using aperiodic lattices (ALs). Up to now ALs have tended to be defined by
specific formulae (e.g. Fibonacci, Cantor), and theories have neglected other
useful ALs along with the vast majority of non-useful (random) ALs. Here, we
present a practical and efficient Fourier space-based general theory to
identify all those ALs having useful band properties, which are characterized
by well-defined Fourier (i.e. lattice momentum) components. Direct control of
field localization comes via control of the Parseval strength competition
between the different Fourier components characterizing a lattice. Real-space
optimization of ALs tends to be computationally demanding. However, via our
Fourier space-based simulated annealing inverse optimization algorithm, we
efficiently tailor the relative strength of the AL Fourier components for
precise control of photonic band and localization properties.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figure
Optical frequency comb technology for ultra-broadband radio-frequency photonics
The outstanding phase-noise performance of optical frequency combs has led to
a revolution in optical synthesis and metrology, covering a myriad of
applications, from molecular spectroscopy to laser ranging and optical
communications. However, the ideal characteristics of an optical frequency comb
are application dependent. In this review, the different techniques for the
generation and processing of high-repetition-rate (>10 GHz) optical frequency
combs with technologies compatible with optical communication equipment are
covered. Particular emphasis is put on the benefits and prospects of this
technology in the general field of radio-frequency photonics, including
applications in high-performance microwave photonic filtering, ultra-broadband
coherent communications, and radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation.Comment: to appear in Laser and Photonics Review
Full-wave high-order FEM model for lossy anisotropic waveguides
Anisotropic lossy waveguides are analyzed by applying the Finite Element Method (FEM) with higher order interpolatory vector elements. The problem is formulated in terms of the electric field only. The transverse vector component of the electric field is numerically represented by higher order curl conforming interpolatory vector functions; whereas the longitudinal component of the field is represented by higher order scalar basis functions. Due to the better interpolatory capabilities of the expansion functions, the metallic and material losses are modeled with a higher precision with respect to that provided by the other available numerical models. Furthermore, the use of higher order elements permits the correct modeling of the discontinuity of the normal field component at the interfaces between different materials
Higher order interpolatory vector bases on pyramidal elements
IEEE TRANS. ANTENNAS PROPAGAT