Water cycle and people: water for feeding humanity

The distinction of ‘blue’ (liquid) and ‘green’ (vapour) water flow is introduced to make possible an assessment of water flows to be appropriated for future food production. The author offers a ‘backcasting approach’ in assessing the consumptive water requirements for feeding humanity by 2050 and from where the needed water may be provided (irrigation, crop-per-drop improvements and horizontal expansion into grasslands and forests). She concludes that food security will demand a major shift in thinking.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Global-Change-Induced Disturbances of Water-Related Phenomena - The European Perspective

Impact of global change on human society will first be felt through disturbances of water-related phenomena. Traditionally, land use discussions only seldom reflect water phenomena. Present methods may therefore be poor tools in addressing the impact of global change. This report takes an alternative approach to land use by addressing a number of water-related phenomena from the perspective of their relation to land use and land-use-related societal activities. Such activities include both those dependent upon water supply or water-related land attributes, and those generating impacts on local water balance or on freshwater in aquifers and rivers. A series of matrices are presented to clarify propagation of change, based on the continuity and interdependence of water cycle related phenomena. Global change impacts in Europe are tentatively described in a 70 year scenario composed of two phases: first water quality changes, later hydrological shifts with major consequences both for water availability and other water-related impacts on societal activities. Sustainable development is described as a question of a sustainable interaction between human society and the water cycle including all the ecosystems fed by that cycle. Man is seen as a factor in landscape hydrology, due to the intervention introduced as a part of land use activities. Water management and protection is basically seen as a question of balancing dependencies on water against threats to that water. The report ends with a discussion of water-related decisions, both those concerning projects involving visible water, and those where water is involved in a more or less hidden way. The section includes the main conclusions from a policy workshop on the societal impacts of a changing hydroclimate where the Po river basin was used as the case to which policy makers were invited to react. The paper closes with an open question: is the traditional "dry: approach taken to land use really effective? How will that approach allow attention to land-use-generated impacts on water phenomena? Will the present way of seeing water as a conditional factor only in relation to plant growth be helpful enough, when addressing impacts of global change in regions where water scarcity and soil water deficiency will expand and influence land use

Water Governance Challenges: Managing Competition and Scarcity for Hunger and Poverty Reduction and Environmental Sustainability

human development, water, sanitation

The ethics of socio-ecohydrological catchment management: towards hydrosolidarity

International audienceThis paper attempts to clarify key biophysical issues and the problems involved in the ethics of socio-ecohydrological catchment management. The issue in managing complex systems is to live with unavoidable change while securing the capacity of the ecohydrological system of the catchment to sustain vital ecological goods and services, aquatic as well as terrestrial, on which humanity depends ultimately. Catchment management oriented to sustainability has to be based on ethical principles: human rights, international conventions, sustaining crucial ecological goods and services, and protecting ecosystem resilience, all of which have water linkages. Many weaknesses have to be identified, assessed and mitigated to improve the tools by which the ethical issues can be addressed and solved: a heritage of constraining tunnel vision in both science and management; inadequate shortcuts made in modern scientific system analyses (e.g. science addressing sustainability issues); simplistic technical-fix approaches to water and ecosystems in land/water/ecosystem management; conventional tools for evaluation of scientific quality with its focus on ?doing the thing right? rather than ?doing the right thing?. The new ethics have to incorporate principles that, on a catchment basis, allow for proper attention to the hungry and poor, upstream and downstream, to descendants, and to sites and habitats that need to be protected. Keywords: catchment, hydrosolidarity, ecosystem, water determinants, resilience, green water, blue water, sustainability scienc

Understanding of water resilience in the Anthropocene

Water is indispensable for Earth resilience and sustainable development. The capacity of social-ecological systems to deal with shocks, adapting to changing conditions and transforming in situations of crisis are fundamentally dependent on the functions of water to e.g., regulate the Earth's climate, support biomass production, and supply water resources for human societies. However, massive, inter-connected, human interference involving climate forcing, water withdrawal, dam constructions, and land-use change have significantly disturbed these water functions and induced regime shifts in social-ecological systems. In many cases, changes in core water functions have pushed systems beyond tipping points and led to fundamental shifts in system feedback. Examples of such transgressions, where water has played a critical role, are collapse of aquatic systems beyond water quality and quantity thresholds, desertification due to soil and ecosystem degradation, and tropical forest dieback associated with self-amplifying moisture and carbon feedbacks. Here, we aggregate the volumes and flows of water involved in water functions globally, and review the evidence of freshwater related linear collapse and non-linear tipping points in ecological and social systems through the lens of resilience theory. Based on the literature review, we synthesize the role of water in mediating different types of ecosystem regime shifts, and generalize the process by which life support systems are at risk of collapsing due to loss of water functions. We conclude that water plays a fundamental role in providing social-ecological resilience, and suggest that further research is needed to understand how the erosion of water resilience at local and regional scale may potentially interact, cascade, or amplify through the complex, globally hyper-connected networks of the Anthropocene. © 2018 The Author

A Framework for Incorporating the Impact of Water Quality on Water Supply Stress: An Example from Louisiana

Water of poor quality can directly impact the budget of water available for key user groups. Despite this importance, methods for quantifying the impact of water quality on water availability remain elusive. Here, we develop a new framework for incorporating the impact of water quality on water supply by modifying the Water Supply Stress Index (WaSSI). We demonstrate the usefulness of the framework by investigating the impact of high salinity waters on the availability of irrigation water for agriculture in Louisiana. The WaSSI was deconstructed into sectoral components such that the total available water supply could be reduced for a particular demand sector (agricultural irrigation in this example) based on available water quality information. The results for Louisiana highlight substantial impacts on water supply stress for farmers attributable to the landward encroachment of saline surface water and groundwater near the coast. Areas of high salinity near the coast also increased the competition for freshwater resources among the industrial, municipal, and agricultural demand sectors in the vicinities of the municipal areas of Lake Charles, Lafayette, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The framework developed here is easily adaptable for other water quality concerns and for other demand sectors, and as such can serve as a useful tool for water managers

Impact of soil and water conservation measuren on catchment hydrological response: a case in north Ethiopia

Impact studies of catchment management in the developing world rarely include detailed hydrological components. Here, changes in the hydrological response of a 200-ha catchment in north Ethiopia are investigated. The management included various soil and water conservation measures such as the construction of dry masonry stone bunds and check dams, the abandonment of post-harvest grazing, and the establishment of woody vegetation. Measurements at the catchment outlet indicated a runoff depth of 5 mm or a runoff coefficient (RC) of 1·6% in the rainy season of 2006. Combined with runoff measurements at plot scale, this allowed calculating the runoff curve number (CN) for various land uses and land management techniques. The pre-implementation runoff depth was then predicted using the CN values and a ponding adjustment factor, representing the abstraction of runoff induced by the 242 check dams in gullies. Using the 2006 rainfall depths, the runoff depth for the 2000 land management situation was predicted to be 26·5mm(RCD 8%), in line with current RCs of nearby catchments. Monitoring of the ground water level indicated a rise after catchment management. The yearly rise in water table after the onset of the rains (ΔT) relative to the water surplus (WS) over the same period increased between 2002-2003 (ΔT/WS D 3·4) and 2006 (ΔT/WS >11·1). Emerging wells and irrigation are other indicators for improved water supply in the managed catchment. Cropped fields in the gullies indicate that farmers are less frightened for the destructive effects of flash floods. Due to increased soil water content, the crop growing period is prolonged. It can be concluded that this catchment management has resulted in a higher infiltration rate and a reduction of direct runoff volume by 81% which has had a positive influence on the catchment water balance. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Incentive compatibility and conflict resolution in international river basins: A case study of the Nile basin

10.1029/2005WR004238Water Resources Research422WRER

A Simplified Water Accounting Procedure to Assess Climate Change Impact on Water Resources for Agriculture across Different European River Basins

[EN] European agriculture and water policies require accurate information on climate change impacts on available water resources. Water accounting, that is a standardized documentation of data on water resources, is a useful tool to provide this information. Pan-European data on climate impacts do not recognize local anthropogenic interventions in the water cycle. Most European river basins have a specific toolset that is understood and used by local experts and stakeholders. However, these local tools are not versatile. Thus, there is a need for a common approach that can be understood by multi-fold users to quantify impact indicators based on local data and that can be used to synthesize information at the European level. Then, policies can be designed with the confidence that underlying data are backed-up by local context and expert knowledge. This work presents a simplified water accounting framework that allows for a standardized examination of climate impacts on water resource availability and use across multiple basins. The framework is applied to five different river basins across Europe. Several indicators are extracted that explicitly describe green water fluxes versus blue water fluxes and impacts on agriculture. The examples show that a simplified water accounting framework can be used to synthesize basin-level information on climate change impacts which can support policymaking on climate adaptation, water resources and agriculture.This research was funded by Horizon 2020 IMPREX project, grant number 641811Hunink, J.; Simons, G.; Suárez-Almiñana, S.; Solera Solera, A.; Andreu Álvarez, J.; Giuliani, M.; Zamberletti, P.... (2019). A Simplified Water Accounting Procedure to Assess Climate Change Impact on Water Resources for Agriculture across Different European River Basins. Water. 11(10):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11101976S1291110Jacob, D., Kotova, L., Teichmann, C., Sobolowski, S. P., Vautard, R., Donnelly, C., … van Vliet, M. T. H. (2018). Climate Impacts in Europe Under +1.5°C Global Warming. Earth’s Future, 6(2), 264-285. doi:10.1002/2017ef000710Koutroulis, A. G., Grillakis, M. G., Daliakopoulos, I. N., Tsanis, I. K., & Jacob, D. (2016). Cross sectoral impacts on water availability at +2 °C and +3 °C for east Mediterranean island states: The case of Crete. Journal of Hydrology, 532, 16-28. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.015Dezsi, Ş., Mîndrescu, M., Petrea, D., Rai, P. K., Hamann, A., & Nistor, M.-M. (2018). High-resolution projections of evapotranspiration and water availability for Europe under climate change. International Journal of Climatology, 38(10), 3832-3841. doi:10.1002/joc.5537Forzieri, G., Feyen, L., Russo, S., Vousdoukas, M., Alfieri, L., Outten, S., … Cid, A. (2016). Multi-hazard assessment in Europe under climate change. Climatic Change, 137(1-2), 105-119. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1661-xRuosteenoja, K., Markkanen, T., Venäläinen, A., Räisänen, P., & Peltola, H. (2017). Seasonal soil moisture and drought occurrence in Europe in CMIP5 projections for the 21st century. Climate Dynamics, 50(3-4), 1177-1192. doi:10.1007/s00382-017-3671-4Stahl, K., Kohn, I., Blauhut, V., Urquijo, J., De Stefano, L., Acacio, V., … Van Lanen, H. A. J. (2015). Impacts of European drought events: insights from an international database of text-based reports. doi:10.5194/nhessd-3-5453-2015Van Lanen, H. A. J., Laaha, G., Kingston, D. G., Gauster, T., Ionita, M., Vidal, J., … Van Loon, A. F. (2016). Hydrology needed to manage droughts: the 2015 European case. Hydrological Processes, 30(17), 3097-3104. doi:10.1002/hyp.10838Moore, F. C., & Lobell, D. B. (2014). Adaptation potential of European agriculture in response to climate change. Nature Climate Change, 4(7), 610-614. doi:10.1038/nclimate2228Iglesias, A., & Garrote, L. (2015). Adaptation strategies for agricultural water management under climate change in Europe. Agricultural Water Management, 155, 113-124. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.014Llop, M., & Ponce-Alifonso, X. (2016). Water and Agriculture in a Mediterranean Region: The Search for a Sustainable Water Policy Strategy. Water, 8(2), 66. doi:10.3390/w8020066Escribano Francés, G., Quevauviller, P., San Martín González, E., & Vargas Amelin, E. (2017). Climate change policy and water resources in the EU and Spain. A closer look into the Water Framework Directive. Environmental Science & Policy, 69, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.12.006Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., & Steduto, P. (2017). The water productivity score (WPS) at global and regional level: Methodology and first results from remote sensing measurements of wheat, rice and maize. Science of The Total Environment, 575, 595-611. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.032Simons, G. W. H. (Gijs), Bastiaanssen, W. G. M. (Wim), & Immerzeel, W. W. (Walter). (2015). Water reuse in river basins with multiple users: A literature review. Journal of Hydrology, 522, 558-571. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.01.016Lavrnić, S., Zapater-Pereyra, M., & Mancini, M. L. (2017). Water Scarcity and Wastewater Reuse Standards in Southern Europe: Focus on Agriculture. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 228(7). doi:10.1007/s11270-017-3425-2Ricart, S., & Rico, A. M. (2019). Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: A review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor. Agricultural Water Management, 217, 426-439. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2019.03.017Hoekstra, A., Chapagain, A., & van Oel, P. (2017). Advancing Water Footprint Assessment Research: Challenges in Monitoring Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6. Water, 9(6), 438. doi:10.3390/w9060438Roudier, P., Andersson, J. C. M., Donnelly, C., Feyen, L., Greuell, W., & Ludwig, F. (2015). Projections of future floods and hydrological droughts in Europe under a +2°C global warming. Climatic Change, 135(2), 341-355. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1570-4Samaniego, L., Thober, S., Kumar, R., Wanders, N., Rakovec, O., Pan, M., … Marx, A. (2018). Anthropogenic warming exacerbates European soil moisture droughts. Nature Climate Change, 8(5), 421-426. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0138-5Panagopoulos, Y., Stefanidis, K., Faneca Sanchez, M., Sperna Weiland, F., Van Beek, R., Venohr, M., … Birk, S. (2019). Pan-European Calculation of Hydrologic Stress Metrics in Rivers: A First Assessment with Potential Connections to Ecological Status. Water, 11(4), 703. doi:10.3390/w11040703Macknick, J., Newmark, R., Heath, G., & Hallett, K. C. (2012). Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4), 045802. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/045802Koutroulis, A. G., Papadimitriou, L. V., Grillakis, M. G., Tsanis, I. K., Wyser, K., & Betts, R. A. (2018). Freshwater vulnerability under high end climate change. A pan-European assessment. Science of The Total Environment, 613-614, 271-286. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.074Lobanova, A., Liersch, S., Nunes, J. P., Didovets, I., Stagl, J., Huang, S., … Krysanova, V. (2018). Hydrological impacts of moderate and high-end climate change across European river basins. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 18, 15-30. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.05.003Beck, H. E., Vergopolan, N., Pan, M., Levizzani, V., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., Weedon, G. P., … Wood, E. F. (2017). Global-scale evaluation of 22 precipitation datasets using gauge observations and hydrological modeling. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21(12), 6201-6217. doi:10.5194/hess-21-6201-2017Naz, B. S., Kurtz, W., Montzka, C., Sharples, W., Goergen, K., Keune, J., … Kollet, S. (2019). Improving soil moisture and runoff simulations at 3 km over Europe using land surface data assimilation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 23(1), 277-301. doi:10.5194/hess-23-277-2019Haro, D., Solera, A., Paredes, J., & Andreu, J. (2014). Methodology for Drought Risk Assessment in Within-year Regulated Reservoir Systems. Application to the Orbigo River System (Spain). Water Resources Management, 28(11), 3801-3814. doi:10.1007/s11269-014-0710-3Zaniolo, M., Giuliani, M., Castelletti, A. F., & Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2018). Automatic design of basin-specific drought indexes for highly regulated water systems. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(4), 2409-2424. doi:10.5194/hess-22-2409-2018Koutroulis, A. G., Tsanis, I. K., Daliakopoulos, I. N., & Jacob, D. (2013). Impact of climate change on water resources status: A case study for Crete Island, Greece. Journal of Hydrology, 479, 146-158. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.055Vargas-Amelin, E., & Pindado, P. (2014). The challenge of climate change in Spain: Water resources, agriculture and land. Journal of Hydrology, 518, 243-249. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.035Giuliani, M., Li, Y., Castelletti, A., & Gandolfi, C. (2016). A coupled human-natural systems analysis of irrigated agriculture under changing climate. Water Resources Research, 52(9), 6928-6947. doi:10.1002/2016wr019363Giuliani, M., & Castelletti, A. (2016). Is robustness really robust? How different definitions of robustness impact decision-making under climate change. Climatic Change, 135(3-4), 409-424. doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1586-9Grindlay, A. L., Zamorano, M., Rodríguez, M. I., Molero, E., & Urrea, M. A. (2011). Implementation of the European Water Framework Directive: Integration of hydrological and regional planning at the Segura River Basin, southeast Spain. Land Use Policy, 28(1), 242-256. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.06.005Quevauviller, P., Barceló, D., Beniston, M., Djordjevic, S., Harding, R. J., Iglesias, A., … Werner, M. (2012). Integration of research advances in modelling and monitoring in support of WFD river basin management planning in the context of climate change. Science of The Total Environment, 440, 167-177. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.055Edens, B., & Graveland, C. (2014). Experimental valuation of Dutch water resources according to SNA and SEEA. Water Resources and Economics, 7, 66-81. doi:10.1016/j.wre.2014.10.003Pedro-Monzonís, M., Jiménez-Fernández, P., Solera, A., & Jiménez-Gavilán, P. (2016). The use of AQUATOOL DSS applied to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting for Water (SEEAW). Journal of Hydrology, 533, 1-14. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.034Gouveia, C. M., Trigo, R. M., Beguería, S., & Vicente-Serrano, S. M. (2017). Drought impacts on vegetation activity in the Mediterranean region: An assessment using remote sensing data and multi-scale drought indicators. Global and Planetary Change, 151, 15-27. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.06.011Borrego-Marín, M., Gutiérrez-Martín, C., & Berbel, J. (2016). Water Productivity under Drought Conditions Estimated Using SEEA-Water. Water, 8(4), 138. doi:10.3390/w8040138Vardon, M., Lenzen, M., Peevor, S., & Creaser, M. (2007). Water accounting in Australia. Ecological Economics, 61(4), 650-659. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.033Pedro-Monzonís, M., del Longo, M., Solera, A., Pecora, S., & Andreu, J. (2016). Water Accounting in the Po River Basin Applied to Climate Change Scenarios. Procedia Engineering, 162, 246-253. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.051Momblanch, A., Andreu, J., Paredes-Arquiola, J., Solera, A., & Pedro-Monzonís, M. (2014). Adapting water accounting for integrated water resource management. The Júcar Water Resource System (Spain). Journal of Hydrology, 519, 3369-3385. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.002Karimi, P., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., & Molden, D. (2012). Water Accounting Plus (WA+) – a water accounting procedure for complex river basins based on satellite measurements. doi:10.5194/hessd-9-12879-2012Karimi, P., Bastiaanssen, W. G. M., Molden, D., & Cheema, M. J. M. (2013). Basin-wide water accounting based on remote sensing data: an application for the Indus Basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(7), 2473-2486. doi:10.5194/hess-17-2473-2013Orth, R., & Destouni, G. (2018). Drought reduces blue-water fluxes more strongly than green-water fluxes in Europe. Nature Communications, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06013-7Van den Hurk, B., Hirschi, M., Schär, C., Lenderink, G., van Meijgaard, E., van Ulden, A., … Jones, R. (2005). Soil Control on Runoff Response to Climate Change in Regional Climate Model Simulations. Journal of Climate, 18(17), 3536-3551. doi:10.1175/jcli3471.1Bergström, S., Carlsson, B., Gardelin, M., Lindström, G., Pettersson, A., & Rummukainen, M. (2001). Climate change impacts on runoff in Sweden-assessments by global climate models, dynamical downscaling and hydrological modelling. Climate Research, 16, 101-112. doi:10.3354/cr016101Arnell, N. W. (1999). The effect of climate change on hydrological regimes in Europe: a continental perspective. Global Environmental Change, 9(1), 5-23. doi:10.1016/s0959-3780(98)00015-6Teuling, A. J., Van Loon, A. F., Seneviratne, S. I., Lehner, I., Aubinet, M., Heinesch, B., … Spank, U. (2013). Evapotranspiration amplifies European summer drought. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(10), 2071-2075. doi:10.1002/grl.50495Destouni, G., & Prieto, C. (2018). Robust Assessment of Uncertain Freshwater Changes: The Case of Greece with Large Irrigation—and Climate-Driven Runoff Decrease. Water, 10(11), 1645. doi:10.3390/w10111645Suárez-Almiñana, S., Pedro-Monzonís, M., Paredes-Arquiola, J., Andreu, J., & Solera, A. (2017). Linking Pan-European data to the local scale for decision making for global change and water scarcity within water resources planning and management. Science of The Total Environment, 603-604, 126-139. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.259Huang, Z., Hejazi, M., Tang, Q., Vernon, C. R., Liu, Y., Chen, M., & Calvin, K. (2019). Global agricultural green and blue water consumption under future climate and land use changes. Journal of Hydrology, 574, 242-256. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.046Kahil, M. T., Connor, J. D., & Albiac, J. (2015). Efficient water management policies for irrigation adaptation to climate change in Southern Europe. Ecological Economics, 120, 226-233. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.11.004Velasco-Muñoz, J., Aznar-Sánchez, J., Belmonte-Ureña, L., & López-Serrano, M. (2018). Advances in Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture: A Bibliometric Analysis. Water, 10(4), 377. doi:10.3390/w10040377Berbel, J., & Mateos, L. (2014). Does investment in irrigation technology necessarily generate rebound effects? A simulation analysis based on an agro-economic model. Agricultural Systems, 128, 25-34. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2014.04.002Pedro-Monzonís, M., Ferrer, J., Solera, A., Estrela, T., & Paredes-Arquiola, J. (2014). Water Accounts and Water Stress Indexes in the European Context of Water Planning: The Jucar River Basin. Procedia Engineering, 89, 1470-1477. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.431Vanham, D., Hoekstra, A. Y., Wada, Y., Bouraoui, F., de Roo, A., Mekonnen, M. M., … Bidoglio, G. (2018). Physical water scarcity metrics for monitoring progress towards SDG target 6.4: An evaluation of indicator 6.4.2 «Level of water stress». Science of The Total Environment, 613-614, 218-232. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.056Liu, J., Yang, H., Gosling, S. N., Kummu, M., Flörke, M., Pfister, S., … Oki, T. (2017). Water scarcity assessments in the past, present, and future. Earth’s Future, 5(6), 545-559. doi:10.1002/2016ef000518Wada, Y., van Beek, L. P. H., Viviroli, D., Dürr, H. H., Weingartner, R., & Bierkens, M. F. P. (2011). Global monthly water stress: 2. Water demand and severity of water stress. Water Resources Research, 47(7). doi:10.1029/2010wr009792Eekhout, J. P. C., Hunink, J. E., Terink, W., & de Vente, J. (2018). Why increased extreme precipitation under climate change negatively affects water security. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(11), 5935-5946. doi:10.5194/hess-22-5935-2018Pellicer-Martínez, F., & Martínez-Paz, J. M. (2018). Climate change effects on the hydrology of the headwaters of the Tagus River: implications for the management of the Tagus–Segura transfer. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(12), 6473-6491. doi:10.5194/hess-22-6473-2018Navarro, T. (2018). Water reuse and desalination in Spain – challenges and opportunities. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 8(2), 153-168. doi:10.2166/wrd.2018.043García-Rubio, M. A., & Guardiola, J. (2012). Desalination in Spain: A Growing Alternative for Water Supply. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(1), 171-186. doi:10.1080/07900627.2012.642245Andreu, J., Capilla, J., & Sanchís, E. (1996). AQUATOOL, a generalized decision-support system for water-resources planning and operational management. Journal of Hydrology, 177(3-4), 269-291. doi:10.1016/0022-1694(95)02963-