The relationships between golf and health:A scoping review

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between golf and health. DESIGN: Scoping review. DATA SOURCES: Published and unpublished reports of any age or language, identified by searching electronic databases, platforms, reference lists, websites and from consulting experts. REVIEW METHODS: A 3-step search strategy identified relevant published primary and secondary studies as well as grey literature. Identified studies were screened for final inclusion. Data were extracted using a standardised tool, to form (1) a descriptive analysis and (2) a thematic summary. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 4944 records were identified with an initial search. 301 studies met criteria for the scoping review. Golf can provide moderate intensity physical activity and is associated with physical health benefits that include improved cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic profiles, and improved wellness. There is limited evidence related to golf and mental health. The incidence of golfing injury is moderate, with back injuries the most frequent. Accidental head injuries are rare, but can have serious consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners and policymakers can be encouraged to support more people to play golf, due to associated improved physical health and mental well-being, and a potential contribution to increased life expectancy. Injuries and illnesses associated with golf have been identified, and risk reduction strategies are warranted. Further research priorities include systematic reviews to further explore the cause and effect nature of the relationships described. Research characterising golf's contribution to muscular strengthening, balance and falls prevention as well as further assessing the associations and effects between golf and mental health are also indicated

Analysis of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) cell lines

The purpose of this work was to analyze chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in untreated and in irradiated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) tumor cell lines, aiming at the establishment of assays to test for the relevance of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the response of SCCHN to radiotherapy and radiochemotherapy. Five low passage and 10 established SCCHN lines, as well as two normal cell lines, were irradiated at 2 Gy or sham-irradiated, and harvested between 1 and 48 h after treatment. For chemokines with CC and CXC structural motifs and their receptors, transcript levels of target and reference genes were quantified relatively by real-time PCR. In addition, CXCL1 and CXCL12 protein expression was analyzed by ELISA. A substantial variation in chemokine and chemokine receptor expression between SCCHN was detected. Practically, all cell lines expressed CCL5 and CCL20, while CCL2 was expressed in normal cells and in some of the tumor cell lines. CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL10, and CXCL11 were expressed in the vast majority of the cell lines, while the expression of CXCL9 and CXCL12 was restricted to fibroblasts and few tumor cell lines. None of the analyzed cell lines expressed the chemokines CCL3, CCL4, or CCL19. Of the receptors, transcript expression of CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, CCR7, CCXR2, and CCXR3 was not detected, and CCR6, CXCR1, and CXCR4 expression was restricted to few tumor cells. Radiation caused up- and down-regulation with respect to chemokine expressions, while for chemokine receptor expressions down-regulations were prevailing. CXCL1 and CXCL12 protein expression corresponded well with the mRNA expression. We conclude that the substantial variation in chemokine and chemokine receptor expression between SCCHN offer opportunities for the establishment of assays to test for the relevance of chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the response of SCCHN to radiotherapy and radiochemotherapy

Conservative Surgical Treatment of the Jaw Cysts in Children: Case Study of Five Patients

Aims: Conservative treatment of jaw cysts establishes low surgical complication risk and protects vital anatomical structures such as inferior alveolar nerve, maxillary sinus and permanent tooth germs. Marsupialization and decompression have been widely used in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the conservative treatment of jaw cysts in five children. Materials and Methods: This article presents case series of marsupialization in jaw cysts associated with impacted teeth in five children. A total of nine impacted teeth within the cystic lesions were observed. Results: Complete resolution of all cystic lesions and simultaneous eruption of six impacted teeth within the cyst were managed. The other two teeth were erupted orthodontically and one had to be extracted. Conclusions: Marsupialization is effective for the treatment of cystic lesions in growing patients as it preserves vital anatomical structures and enables eruption of the impacted teeth within the cyst.Keywords: Children, conservative treatment, cyst treatment, marsupializatio

Zinc-calcium interaction in heparin-induced osteoporotic rabbit plasma

Female New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to heparin treatment to induce osteoporosis and to observe the effects of calcitonin and tamoxifen treatments on the initiation of osteoporosis, The aim of this study is to investigate zinc-calcium interaction as well as the alterations of plasma biochemical parameters in these animals and, thus, to assist in clinical usage of these drugs. Thirty-two animals were divided into 4 groups and medicated for 8 weeks. The animals in group A were administered heparin (Liquemine) intraperitoneally at the dosage of 1,000 IU/kg/day. The animals in group B were injected the same amount of heparin as that of group A and, in addition, calcitonin at the dosage of 100 IU/kg/day. The animals in group C were medicated the same way as group B, but 2 mg/kg/day tamoxifen (Nolvadex) were orally added to their diet. The animals in last roup were the control, Studied variables, in addition to the biomechanical parameters various bones, a were all electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium and phosphorus levels in sera, creatinine, total protein, albumin, alkalene phosphalase, progesteron, estrogen, and globulin concentrations in plasma, and also zinc level in plasma. Heparin and heparin plus calcitonin treatment caused an increase and a decrease in the plasma calcium and zinc levels, respectively, with respect to the control (p < 0.05), whereas tamoxifen treatment in addition to heparin plus calcitonin did not alter the calcium level significantly, but still zinc revel was lower than the control (p < 0.05). Plasma mineral contents except phosphorus in 3 experimental groups decreased significantly with respect to the control. The estrogen and globulin levels in serum in all treated groups increased and these increases were statistically significant with respect to the control, whereas the serum albumin and alkalene phosphatase levels decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The results showed that some alterations in plasma biochemical parameters of heparin-induced osteoporotic animals are observed and some of these alterations are reversed by tamoxifen treatment of these animals