PREPARATIONS BASED ON WOOD-DECAY FUNGI

There is a large variety of basidiomycetes in the world including xylotrophicfungi which pharmacological properties are scarcely studied. So they are a promising research object for pharmacology, biotechnology, medicine, and veterinary medicine. This paper considers ways to create medicines based on wood-destroying fungi, producing pronounced immune stimulating effect, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor activity

MONITORING OF BACTERIAL AGENTS - ETIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF MASS GASTRO-INTESTINAL DISEASES OF YOUNG POULTRY

The work presents the results of epizootological monitoring of mass gastro-intestinal diseases of young poultry in the Irkutsk Region. As a result of the poultry sickness rate analysis covering the period, of 2006-2010 the following nosological units have been distinguished: colibacteriosis (37,3 %), salmonellosis (25,4 %), pasteurellosis (19,8 %), spirochetosis (14,4 %), staphylococcus diseases (2,9 %), infectiouslaryngotracheitis (0,2 %). The results of the monitoring research, indicated that gastro-intestinal diseases are caused, by a wide range of opportunistic pathogenic microflora agents. However, these bacteria groups are mostly represented by microorganisms Enterobacteriaceae family of Escherichia and Salmonella types. The research established not only wide diversity of the distinguished serological colon bacillus and. salmonella varieties, but also fluctuations in their proportion in the common structure of the distinguished culture in the examined time interval

Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy

Background : Despite optimal medical treatment, including epilepsy surgery, many epilepsy patients have uncontrolled seizures. In the last decades, interest has grown in invasive intracranial neurostimulation as a treatment for these patients. Intracranial stimulation includes both deep brain stimulation (DBS) (stimulation through depth electrodes) and cortical stimulation (subdural electrodes). Objectives : To assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of deep brain and cortical stimulation for refractory epilepsy based on randomized controlled trials. Search methods : We searched PubMed (6 August 2013), the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register (31 August 2013), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2013, Issue 7 of 12) and reference lists of retrieved articles. We also contacted device manufacturers and other researchers in the field. No language restrictions were imposed. Selection criteria : Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing deep brain or cortical stimulation to sham stimulation, resective surgery or further treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Data collection and analysis : Four review authors independently selected trials for inclusion. Two review authors independently extracted the relevant data and assessed trial quality and overall quality of evidence. The outcomes investigated were seizure freedom, responder rate, percentage seizure frequency reduction, adverse events, neuropsychological outcome and quality of life. If additional data were needed, the study investigators were contacted. Results were analysed and reported separately for different intracranial targets for reasons of clinical heterogeneity. Main results : Ten RCTs comparing one to three months of intracranial neurostimulation to sham stimulation were identified. One trial was on anterior thalamic DBS (n = 109; 109 treatment periods); two trials on centromedian thalamic DBS (n = 20; 40 treatment periods), but only one of the trials (n = 7; 14 treatment periods) reported sufficient information for inclusion in the quantitative meta-analysis; three trials on cerebellar stimulation (n = 22; 39 treatment periods); three trials on hippocampal DBS (n = 15; 21 treatment periods); and one trial on responsive ictal onset zone stimulation (n = 191; 191 treatment periods). Evidence of selective reporting was present in four trials and the possibility of a carryover effect complicating interpretation of the results could not be excluded in 4 cross-over trials without any washout period. Moderate-quality evidence could not demonstrate statistically or clinically significant changes in the proportion of patients who were seizure-free or experienced a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency (primary outcome measures) after 1 to 3 months of anterior thalamic DBS in (multi) focal epilepsy, responsive ictal onset zone stimulation in (multi) focal epilepsy patients and hippocampal DBS in (medial) temporal lobe epilepsy. However, a statistically significant reduction in seizure frequency was found for anterior thalamic DBS (-17.4% compared to sham stimulation; 95% confidence interval (CI) -32.1 to -1.0; high-quality evidence), responsive ictal onset zone stimulation (-24.9%; 95% CI -40.1 to 6.0; high-quality evidence)) and hippocampal DBS (-28.1%; 95% CI -34.1 to -22.2; moderate-quality evidence). Both anterior thalamic DBS and responsive ictal onset zone stimulation do not have a clinically meaningful impact on quality life after three months of stimulation (high-quality evidence). Electrode implantation resulted in asymptomatic intracranial haemorrhage in 3% to 4% of the patients included in the two largest trials and 5% to 13% had soft tissue infections; no patient reported permanent symptomatic sequelae. Anterior thalamic DBS was associated with fewer epilepsy-associated injuries (7.4 versus 25.5%; P = 0.01) but higher rates of self-reported depression (14.8 versus 1.8%; P = 0.02) and subjective memory impairment (13.8 versus 1.8%; P = 0.03); there were no significant differences in formal neuropsychological testing results between the groups. Responsive ictal-onset zone stimulation was well tolerated with few side effects but SUDEP rate should be closely monitored in the future (4 per 340 [= 11.8 per 1000] patient-years; literature: 2.2-10 per 1000 patient-years). The limited number of patients preclude firm statements on safety and tolerability of hippocampal DBS. With regards to centromedian thalamic DBS and cerebellar stimulation, no statistically significant effects could be demonstrated but evidence is of only low to very low quality. Authors' conclusions : Only short term RCTs on intracranial neurostimulation for epilepsy are available. Compared to sham stimulation, one to three months of anterior thalamic DBS ((multi) focal epilepsy), responsive ictal onset zone stimulation ((multi) focal epilepsy) and hippocampal DBS (temporal lobe epilepsy) moderately reduce seizure frequency in refractory epilepsy patients. Anterior thalamic DBS is associated with higher rates of self-reported depression and subjective memory impairment. SUDEP rates require careful monitoring in patients undergoing responsive ictal onset zone stimulation. There is insufficient evidence to make firm conclusive statements on the efficacy and safety of hippocampal DBS, centromedian thalamic DBS and cerebellar stimulation. There is a need for more, large and well-designed RCTs to validate and optimize the efficacy and safety of invasive intracranial neurostimulation treatments

Research of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of aqueous alcoholic extracts from mycothallus and mycelium of Inonotus rheades (pers.) Bondartsev & Singer

We analyzed antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of aqueous alcoholic extracts from mycothallus and mycelium of Inonotus rheades. It was found that 70% aqueous alcoholic extracts from mycelium of I. rheades had the biggest antioxidant activity. 30% aqueous alcoholic extracts from mycothallus and mycelium have antimicrobial activity against the variety of microorganisms (Salmonella еnteritidis IMVL, Enterococcus faecalis ATSS 29217, Salmonella Ngor IMVL, Streptococcus spp. 44, Staphylococcus aureus ATSS 209p, Escherichia coli ATSS3 5218, Escherichia coli TI). We determined fungistatic activity of 30% aqueous alcoholic extracts of mycelium against Saccharomyces cerevisiae

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TRAMETIN AT EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLOSIS OF LABORATORY AND AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS

Both clinical observation of animals and data of laboratory researches testify to the fact that veterinary medicine Trametin has high prophylactic efficacy at experimental salmonellosis in mice and in on-the-farm conditions in pigs. At the introduction of the medicine in an optimal dose while modelling dark stress we observed an increase in weight gains. The results of laboratory studies showed an increase in the protein content in blood serum, an increase in the content of phosphorus and calcium, an increase in hemoglobin and red blood cells. Phagocytic activity of piglets' blood in the group that received Trametin increased by 25 % in comparison with control values

Validation of the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model with four classes of licensed antiretrovirals.

BackgroundThe SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse model of HIV-1 infection is a useful platform for the preclinical evaluation of antiviral efficacy in vivo. We performed this study to validate the model with representatives of all four classes of licensed antiretrovirals.Methodology/principal findingsEndpoint analyses for quantification of Thy/Liv implant viral load included ELISA for cell-associated p24, branched DNA assay for HIV-1 RNA, and detection of infected thymocytes by intracellular staining for Gag-p24. Antiviral protection from HIV-1-mediated thymocyte depletion was assessed by multicolor flow cytometric analysis of thymocyte subpopulations based on surface expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8. These mice can be productively infected with molecular clones of HIV-1 (e.g., the X4 clone NL4-3) as well as with primary R5 and R5X4 isolates. To determine whether results in this model are concordant with those found in humans, we performed direct comparisons of two drugs in the same class, each of which has known potency and dosing levels in humans. Here we show that second-generation antiretrovirals were, as expected, more potent than their first-generation predecessors: emtricitabine was more potent than lamivudine, efavirenz was more potent than nevirapine, and atazanavir was more potent than indinavir. After interspecies pharmacodynamic scaling, the dose ranges found to inhibit viral replication in the SCID-hu Thy/Liv mouse were similar to those used in humans. Moreover, HIV-1 replication in these mice was genetically stable; treatment of the mice with lamivudine did not result in the M184V substitution in reverse transcriptase, and the multidrug-resistant NY index case HIV-1 retained its drug-resistance substitutions.ConclusionGiven the fidelity of such comparisons, we conclude that this highly reproducible mouse model is likely to predict clinical antiviral efficacy in humans

Exotic smooth structures on 4-manifolds

Let X be a compact smooth connected 4-manifold. Suppose \pi\sb1X has an orientation reversing element of order 2. Suppose A$\in$ GL(3,Z) and det A = -1. Then, following the Cappell-Shaneson construction, we consider the manifold Q (A), which is obtained from X by removing a tubular neighborhood of an embedded circle representing an orientation reversing element of \pi\sb1X and replacing it by a certain bundle over S\sp1 with fibre the compliment of an open cell in the 3-torus. By using the Seiberg-Witten theory we prove that if det (I-A\sp2)= det (I-A\sp6) then there exists an exotic smooth structure on Q (A) # CP\sp2 # $\rm\overline CP\sp2.