308 research outputs found

    Effects of cyclodextrins (ÎČ and Îł) and L-Arginine on stability and functional properties of mucoadhesive Buccal Films loaded with Omeprazole for pediatric Patients

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    Omeprazole (OME) is employed for treating ulcer in children, but is unstable and exhibits first pass metabolism via the oral route. This study aimed to stabilize OME within mucoadhesive metolose (MET) films by combining cyclodextrins (CD) and l-arginine (l-arg) as stabilizing excipients and functionally characterizing for potential delivery via the buccal mucosa of paediatric patients. Polymeric solutions at a concentration of 1% w/w were obtained by dispersing the required weight of metolose in 20% v/v ethanol as solvent at a temperature of 40 °C using polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) (0.5% w/w) as plasticizer. The films were obtained by drying the resulting polymer solutions at in an oven at 40 °C. Textural (tensile and mucoadhesion) properties, physical form (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy), residual moisture content (thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) and surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)) were investigated. Optimized formulations containing OME, CDs (ÎČ or Îł) and l-arg (1:1:1) were selected to investigate the stabilization of the drug. The DSC, XRD, and FTIR showed possible molecular dispersion of OME in metolose film matrix. Plasticized MET films containing OME:ÎČCD:l-arg 1:1:1 were optimum in terms of transparency and ease of handling and therefore further functionally characterized (hydration, mucoadhesion, in vitro drug dissolution and long term stability studies). The optimized formulation showed sustained drug release that was modelled by Korsmeyer–Peppas equation, while the OME showed stability under ambient temperature conditions for 28 days. The optimized OME loaded MET films stabilized with ÎČCD and l-arg have potential for use as paediatric mucoadhesive buccal delivery system, which avoids degradation in the stomach acid as well as first pass metabolism in the liver

    Modélisation, analyse et fusion markovienne cachée de multiples séquences d'evénements : Application en cartographie IRM fonctionnelle cérébrale

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    Cet article présente une nouvelle approche de modélisation et d'analyse statistique de processus aléatoires événementiels structurés multiséquences : le modÚle markovien caché de multiples séquences d'événements (MMCMSE). Ce modÚle répond à différents aspects caractéristiques de ces processus, notamment (i) l'aspect dual caché-observable des séquences d'événements à analyser, (ii) la multiplicité importante des séquences d'événements observées, (iii) le caractÚre non stationnaire, localisé temporellement de ces événements, (iv) la redondance, la complémentarité et les asynchronismes importants pouvant exister entre événements sur les différents canaux d'observation. Les résultats d'application du MMCMSE en cartographie IRM fonctionnelle du cerveau soulignent clairement les capacités de ce modÚle à analyser et à fusionner de multiples séquences corrélées d'événements (neuronaux et hémodynamiques) dans l'espace et dans le temps

    Recalage non rigide et dense d'images volumiques par une approche multiéchelle continue

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    Nous prĂ©sentons une mĂ©thode de recalage non-rigide 3D basĂ©e sur une reprĂ©sentation multiĂ©chelle du champ des dĂ©formations par des modĂšles paramĂ©triques (ÎČ-splines). Le champ 3D est estimĂ© successivement Ă  chaque Ă©chelle par minimisation d'une fonction d'Ă©nergie globale non linĂ©aire, calculĂ©e sans rĂ©duction d'information entre l'image de rĂ©fĂ©rence et l'image transformĂ©e. La minimisation est effectuĂ©e suivant une approche descendante, en parcourant des sous-espaces emboĂźtĂ©s de champs 3D, engendrĂ©s par les fonctions ÎČ-splines. Cette approche gĂ©nĂ©ralise l'approche de Perez et al. [3] pour la minimisation de fonctions d'Ă©nergie markovienne sur des sous-espaces multiĂ©chelles emboĂźtĂ©s. La mĂ©thode dĂ©veloppĂ©e s'est montrĂ©e efficace et rapide pour le recalage inter-patients d'images IRM 3D du cerveau

    Robust similarity metrics for the registration of 3D multimodal medical images

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    In this paper, we develop data driven registration algorithms, relying on pixel similarity metrics, that enable an accurate rigid registration of dissimilar single or multimodal 2D/3D medical images . Gross dissimilarities are handled by considering similarity measures related to robust M-estimators . Fast stochastic multigrid optimization algorithms are used to minimize these similarity metrics . The proposed robust similarity metrics are compared to the most popular standard similarity metrics on real MRI/MRI and MRI/SPECT image pairs showing gross dissimilarities . A blinded evaluation of the algorithm was performed, using as gold standard a prospective, marker-based registration method, by participating in a registration evaluation project (Vanderbilt University) . Our robust similarity measures compare favourably with all standard (non robust) techniques .Le recalage non supervisĂ© d'images mĂ©dicales volumiques reste un problĂšme difficile en raison de l'importante variabilitĂ© et des grandes diffĂ©rences d'information pouvant apparaĂźtre dans des sĂ©quences d'images de mĂȘme modalitĂ© ou dans des couples d'images multimodales. Nous prĂ©sentons dans cet article des mĂ©thodes robustes de recalage rigide d'images 2D et 3D monomodales et multimodales, reposant sur la minimisation de mesures de similaritĂ© inter-images. Les mĂ©thodes proposĂ©es s'appuient sur la thĂ©orie de l'estimation robuste et mettent en oeuvre des M-estimateurs associĂ©s Ă  des techniques d'optimisation stochastique multigrilles rapides. Ces estimateurs robustes sont Ă©valuĂ©s Ă  travers le recalage d'images mĂ©dicales volumiques monomodales (IRM/IRM) et multimodales (IRM/TEMP). Ils sont comparĂ©s aux autres fonctions de similaritĂ© classiques, proposĂ©es dans la littĂ©rature. Les mĂ©thodes de recalage robustes ont, en particulier, Ă©tĂ© validĂ©es dans le cadre d'un protocole comparatif mis en place par l'UniversitĂ© de Vanderbilt. Elles sont actuellement utilisĂ©es en routine clinique et conduisent, tant pour les images de mĂȘme modalitĂ© que pour les images multimodales Ă  une prĂ©cision sous-voxel, comparable aux meilleures mĂ©thodes actuelles. Elles permettent de plus de recaler des couples d'images sur lesquels les mĂ©thodes classiques Ă©chouent

    White Matter Atrophy and Cognitive Dysfunctions in Neuromyelitis Optica

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    Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease of central nervous system characterized by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive acute transverse myelitis. NMO patients have cognitive dysfunctions but other clinical symptoms of brain origin are rare. In the present study, we aimed to investigate cognitive functions and brain volume in NMO. The study population consisted of 28 patients with NMO and 28 healthy control subjects matched for age, sex and educational level. We applied a French translation of the Brief Repeatable Battery (BRB-N) to the NMO patients. Using SIENAx for global brain volume (Grey Matter, GM; White Matter, WM; and whole brain) and VBM for focal brain volume (GM and WM), NMO patients and controls were compared. Voxel-level correlations between diminished brain concentration and cognitive performance for each tests were performed. Focal and global brain volume of NMO patients with and without cognitive impairment were also compared. Fifteen NMO patients (54%) had cognitive impairment with memory, executive function, attention and speed of information processing deficits. Global and focal brain atrophy of WM but not Grey Matter (GM) was found in the NMO patients group. The focal WM atrophy included the optic chiasm, pons, cerebellum, the corpus callosum and parts of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, including superior longitudinal fascicle. Visual memory, verbal memory, speed of information processing, short-term memory and executive functions were correlated to focal WM volumes. The comparison of patients with, to patients without cognitive impairment showed a clear decrease of global and focal WM, including brainstem, corticospinal tracts, corpus callosum but also superior and inferior longitudinal fascicles. Cognitive impairment in NMO patients is correlated to the decreased of global and focal WM volume of the brain. Further studies are needed to better understand the precise origin of cognitive impairment in NMO patients, particularly in the WM

    Une approche a contrario pour la détection de changements dans des images IRM multimodales 3D

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    La détection de changements significatifs entre deux images demeure un problÚme délicat. Dans ce contexte, une méthodologie récemment proposée dans [DMM03] émerge : l'approche a contrario. Il s'agit d'une approche non paramétrique présentant l'avantage de prendre en compte dans le processus de décision l'information contextuelle et différentes valeurs de seuil de détection. Nous étendons ici cette approche de maniÚre à traiter des images multimodales desquelles sont extraites différentes images de mesure. Pour cela, deux rÚgles de fusion sont développées de maniÚre à combiner l'information provenant des images de mesure et celle provenant des différents seuils de détection. De plus, une nouvelle rÚgle de décision, basée sur des tests de permutation, est proposée. La méthodologie a contrario est décrite dans la Section 1. Nous proposerons ensuite un nouveau cadre statistique dans la section 2. Enfin, la section 3 illustre l'application de la méthode pour de la détection de changements dans des images IRM dans le contexte de la sclérose en plaques

    Characterizing the microstructural basis of “unidentified bright objects” in neurofibromatosis type 1:A combined in vivo multicomponent T2 relaxation and multi-shell diffusion MRI analysis

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    AbstractIntroductionThe histopathological basis of “unidentified bright objects” (UBOs) (hyperintense regions seen on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) brain scans in neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1)) remains unclear. New in vivo MRI-based techniques (multi-exponential T2 relaxation (MET2) and diffusion MR imaging (dMRI)) provide measures relating to microstructural change. We combined these methods and present previously unreported data on in vivo UBO microstructure in NF1.Methods3-Tesla dMRI data were acquired on 17 NF1 patients, covering 30 white matter UBOs. Diffusion tensor, kurtosis and neurite orientation and dispersion density imaging parameters were calculated within UBO sites and in contralateral normal appearing white matter (cNAWM). Analysis of MET2 parameters was performed on 24 UBO–cNAWM pairs.ResultsNo significant alterations in the myelin water fraction and intra- and extracellular (IE) water fraction were found. Mean T2 time of IE water was significantly higher in UBOs. UBOs furthermore showed increased axial, radial and mean diffusivity, and decreased fractional anisotropy, mean kurtosis and neurite density index compared to cNAWM. Neurite orientation dispersion and isotropic fluid fraction were unaltered.ConclusionOur results suggest that demyelination and axonal degeneration are unlikely to be present in UBOs, which appear to be mainly caused by a shift towards a higher T2-value of the intra- and extracellular water pool. This may arise from altered microstructural compartmentalization, and an increase in ‘extracellular-like’, intracellular water, possibly due to intramyelinic edema. These findings confirm the added value of combining dMRI and MET2 to characterize the microstructural basis of T2 hyperintensities in vivo
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