19 research outputs found

    b-tagging in the CMS experiment of the LHC

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    The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) of CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is the biggest particle accelerator ever built and the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) is a general purpose detector placed within the LHC. Its use has provided a large knowledge in the Particle Physics field. Many analysis carried in the CMS rely on the correct identification of b quarks (bottom) and for that purpose high level algorithms are applied to data samples allowing to distinguish between jets of particles associated to a b quark and to lighter quark flavours. The forementioned algorithms were used in the discovery of the Higgs boson in the year 2012 by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations (the main decay mode of the Higgs boson is a pair of b quarks) and are nowadays applied in measurements within the Standard Model of Particles - pair production of Higgs bosons, production mechanism of the Higgs with a pair of t quarks... etc - and beyond it, like the search for supersymmetry in final states with jets that come from a b quark. The measurement of the efficiencies of the b-tagging algorithms - and a comparison of their values for a real data sample and for a simulation data sample - is fundamental for their satisfactory use. Different b-tagging techniques with little correlation between them are applied to samples enriched with b-jets that contain a muon allowing the construction of a system of eight equations with eight unknowns (System8) whose resolution allows the determination of the efficiency of the b-tagging algorithms. The correlation between the techniques used introduce eight parameters in the system of equations - the correlation factors - whose values are determined with simulation data samples. In this work the efficiencies of two b-tagging algorithms (DeepCSV y DeepJet) corresponding to the data campaign of the CMS of the second run of the LHC (2015-2018), for the year 2018, have been calculated: first the official results presented by the IFCA (Institute of Physics of Cantabria) in the CMS collaborations have been recreated. Due to the fact that limitations in the use of a method based on finding a numeric solution of the System8 have been observed - a solution is not always found - an alternative method based in and adjustment of the System8 by a minimization has been implemented. The new method is promising and can recover coherent solutions for the data campaing considered that the numeric method can not. Finally, for the first time in IFCA, a preliminary study of the dependency of the efficiencies with the uncertainties introduced in the correlation factors has been carried.El acelerador LHC (Gran Colisionador de Hadrones) del CERN (Organización Europea para la Investigación Nuclear) es el acelerador de partículas más grande construido y el CMS (Solenoide Compacto de Muones) es un detector de propósito general ubicado en él. Su uso ha aportado un extenso conocimiento en el campo de la Física de Partículas. La realización de numerosos análisis en el CMS depende de la correcta identificación del quark b (bottom) y para ello se emplean algoritmos de alto nivel a las muestras de datos obtenidos pudiendo distinguir entre jets de partículas asociados a un quark b y a sabores más ligeros. El uso de dichos algoritmos fue empleado en el descubrimiento del bosón de Higgs en el año 2012 por las colaboraciones CMS y ATLAS (el principal modo de decaimiento del bosón de Higgs es en pares de quarks b) y está actualmente involucrado en el estudio de medidas dentro del Modelo Estándar de Partículas - producción de pares de bosones de Higgs, mecanismo de producción del Higgs junto a pares de quarks t... etc. - y más allá de él, como la búsqueda de supersimetría en estados finales con jets que proceden de un quark b. La determinación de las eficiencias de los algoritmos de b-tagging - así como la diferencia de sus valores en una muestra de datos reales y en una muestra de datos simulados - es fundamental para que su uso pueda ser empleado satisfactoriamente. Para ello se parte de datos enriquecidos en b-jets los cuales contienen un muon y se utilizan diferentes técnicas de etiquetado de b-jets con bajo nivel de correlación entre sí permitiendo la construcción de un sistema de ocho ecuaciones con ocho incógnitas (System8) cuya resolución permite la determinación de las eficiencias deseadas. La correlación entre las técnicas utilizadas introduce ocho parámetros adicionales en el sistema de ecuaciones, los factores de correlación, cuyo valor es determinado a partir de muestras de datos simulados. En este trabajo se han calculado las eficiencias de dos algoritmos de b-tagging (DeepCSV y DeepJet) correspondientes a la campaña de datos del segundo ciclo operacional del LHC (2015-2018), para el año 2018, del detector CMS: inicialmente se han recreado los resultados presentados oficialmente en la colaboración CMS por el IFCA (Instituto de Física de Cantabria). Debido a las limitaciones del método numérico usado que se observan - no siempre proporciona soluciones validas - se ha implementado un método alternativo basado en el ajuste del System8 mediante una minimización. Su uso es prometedor, siendo capaz de recuperar para la campaña de datos considerada soluciones consistentes que el método numérico no halla. Finalmente se ha realizado, por primera vez en el IFCA, un estudio preliminar de la dependencia de las eficiencias de los algoritmos de b-tagging con la incertidumbre en los factores de correlación.Grado en Físic

    Las mujeres en la investigación científica en ciencias

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    En el reciente cambio de siglo se detecta un cambio rotundo de las actitudes que han venido afectando a las científicas especialmente de las carreras de ciencias. La formación de las mujeres fue una auténtica carrera de obstáculos hasta la República y de nuevo se volvieron a repetir los mísmos "tics" después de la Guerra Civil, hasta la implantación de la democracia. Afortunadamente, la hostilidad manifestada hacia las investigadoras ha cedido, aunque aún perduren muchos desequillbrios de consideración; tanto en España como en el ámbito internacional. Sin embargo, se detecta un suave desinterés de los becarios y doctorandos en general; por ello es probable que bastantes mujeres se remansen en los Organismos Públicos de Investigación. La investigación, no obstante, tiene un gran atractivo cuando se conoce a través de grandes científicas, como en esta ocasión a través de Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Premio Nobel de Química de 1964.Over the course of the century that has just ended, there have been profound changes in attitude with respect to women scientists and to education in the sciences. Until the Spanish Republic, women's education was truly an obstacle course and after the Spanish Civil War that same hackneyed pattern was repeated and stayed In place until the return to democracy. Fortunately, women researchers have finally ceased to be the targets of overt rivalry, though certain imbalances in the standing they are accorded continue to persist, both in Spain and internationally. Nevertheless, grant holders and doctoral candidates now generally appear to be mildly uninterested. Quite a few women have probably found safe havens in public research centers. Still, research can be powerfully attractive when viewed from the perspective of distinguished women scientists, as in the present instance, from the perspective of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, 1964

    Influencia de la formación y de la motivación de los profesionales de enfermería en el desarrollo del rol autónomo

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    Màster en Administració i Gestió en Cures d'Infermeria, Escola Universitarias Santa Madrona, Universitat de Barcelona. Any: 2002 Director: E. Pont, M. Teixidor y J. TejadaEn el desarrollo histórico de la actividad de cuidar personas, se han venido realizando esfuerzos por definir un cuerpo propio de conocimientos de base científica que orienten y den sentido a los profesionales de enfermería. Estos esfuerzos han cristalizado en la producción de modelos conceptuales que nos ayudan a analizar, comprender e interpretar la intervención de la enfermera, ya sea en la asistencia, la docencia o la investigación. Las instituciones sanitarias han destinado recursos de formación para la implantación de un modelo para el desarrollo del plan de cuidados y así mantener actualizados los conocimientos científicos de los profesionales y dar respuesta a las nuevas dimensiones del progreso científico. No obstante debido al carácter invisible del cuidar, algunas enfermeras tienden a desestimar lo que es de su incumbencia y competencia,..

    Aislamiento y selección de rizobacterias solubilizadoras de fósforo a partir de cultivos de Theobroma cacao L.

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    Intensive agriculture promotes the excessive use of chemical fertilizers that cause the immobilization of nutrients in the soil, opting as an altemative solution the use of fertilizers based on microorganisms. This research work aimed to isolate and select native bacteria with phosphorus solubilizing capacity from samples of Theobroma cacao rhizospheric soil collected in the provinces of Bagua and Utcubamba in the Amazon region. The 23 processed soil samples presented mainly silt-free texture, anda variable pH between 6.24 and 7.75, ofwhich 42 rhizobacterial cultures from the Bagua, Vista Hermosa, Los Olivos, Santa Teresa, El Vivero, La Peca and Cajaruro sectors were isolated from the provinces of Bagua and Utcubamba. Primary isolation was performed in nonselective culture medium and secondary selection in Pikovskaya medium, with halos of solubilization of tricalcium phosphate; At the same time, macro and microscopic characterization of isolated colonies with solubilizing capacity was performed. Solubilization Indices (IS) were measured on plate of each isolated pure culture, selecting two super solubilizing cultures with IS> 3. It is concluded that from the rhizosphere of Theobroma cacao it was possible to isolate several pure cultures of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria, two ofthem being selected as super solubilizers, which were preserved in culture medium added with glycerol for later identification.La agricultura intensiva promueve el uso desmedido de fertilizantes químicos que ocasionan la inmovilización de nutrientes en el suelo, optando como alternativa de solución el empleo de fertilizantes a base de microorganismos. Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo aislar y seleccionar bacterias nativas con capacidad solubilizadora de fósforo a partir de muestras de suelo rizósférico de Theobroma cacao colectadas en las provincias de Bagua y Utcubamba de la región Amazonas. Las 23 muestras de suelo procesadas presentaron textura franco-limosa principalmente, y pH variable entre 6.24 y 7.75, de las cuales se aisló 42 cultivos de rizobacterias provenientes de los sectores Bagua, Vista Hermosa, Los Olivos, Santa Teresa, El Vivero, La Peca y Cajaruro de las provincias de Bagua y Utcubamba. Se realizó el aislamiento primario en medio de cultivo no selectivo y la selección secundaria en medio Pikovskaya, observándose halos de solubilización del fosfato tricálcico; al mismo tiempo se realizó la caracterización macro y microscópica de las colonias aisladas con capacidad solubilizadora. Se midieron los Índices de Solubilización (IS) en placa de cada cultivo puro aislado, seleccionándose dos cultivos super solubilizadores con IS> 3. Se concluye que a partir de la rizósfera de Theobroma cacao se logró aislar varios cultivos puros de bacterias solubilizadoras de fósforo, seleccionándosedos de ellas como super solubilizadoras, las cuales fueron conservadas en medio de cultivo adicionado con glicerol para su posterior identificación

    Fermion mass hierarchies in low energy supergravity and superstring models

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    We investigate the problem of the fermion mass hierarchy in supergravity models with flat directions of the scalar potential associated with some gauge singlet moduli fields. The low-energy Yukawa couplings are nontrivial homogeneous functions of the moduli and a geometric constraint between them plays, in a large class of models, a crucial role in generating hierarchies. Explicit examples are given for no-scale type supergravity models. The Yukawa couplings are dynamical variables at low energy, to be determined by a minimization process which amounts to fixing ratios of the moduli fields. The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is studied and the constraints needed on the parameters in order to have a top quark much heavier than the other fermions are worked out. The bottom mass is explicitly computed and shown to be compatible with the experimental data for a large region of the parameter space.Comment: 28 pages, Late

    On Gauge Couplings in String Theory

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    We investigate the field dependence of the gauge couplings of N=1N=1 string vacua from the point of view of the low energy effective quantum field theory. We find that field-theoretical considerations severely constrain the form of the string loop corrections; in particular, the dilaton dependence of the gauge couplings is completely universal at the one-loop level. The moduli dependence of the string threshold corrections is also constrained, and we illustrate the power of such constraints with a detailed discussion of the orbifold vacua and the (2,2)(2,2) (Calabi-Yau) vacua of the heterotic string.Comment: 82 pages, 6 in-line figures, uses phyzzx.tex and epsf.tex macro

    Stable Superstring Relics

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    We investigate the cosmological constraints on exotic stable matter states which arise in realistic free fermionic superstring models. These states appear in the superstring models due to a ``Wilson--line'' breaking of the unifying non--Abelian gauge symmetry. In the models that we consider the unifying SO(10)SO(10) gauge symmetry is broken at the string level to SO(6)×SO(4)SO(6)\times SO(4), SU(5)×U(1)SU(5)\times U(1) or SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)2SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)^2. The exotic matter states are classified according to the patterns of the SO(10)SO(10) symmetry breaking. In SO(6)×SO(4)SO(6)\times SO(4) and SU(5)×U(1)SU(5)\times U(1) type models one obtains fractionally charged states with Qe.m.=±1/2Q_{\rm e.m.}=\pm1/2. In SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)2SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)^2 type models one also obtains states with the regular charges under the Standard Model gauge group but with ``fractional'' charges under the U(1)ZU(1)_{Z^\prime} symmetry. These states include down--like color triplets and electroweak doublets, as well as states which are Standard Model singlets. By analyzing the renormalizable and nonrenormalizable terms of the superpotential in a specific superstring model, we show that these exotic states can be stable. We investigate the cosmological constraints on the masses and relic density of the exotic states. We propose that, while the abundance and the masses of the fractionally charged states are highly constrained, the Standard Model -- like states, and in particular the Standard Model singlet, are good dark matter candidates.Comment: 46 pages. Standard LateX. Ten figures (Encapsulated PostScript

    "Large (g2)μ(g-2)_\mu in SU(5)xU(1) supergravity models"

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    We compute the supersymmetric contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon within the context of SU(5)×U(1)SU(5)\times U(1) supergravity models. The largest possible contributions to aμsusya^{susy}_\mu occur for the largest allowed values of tanβ\tan\beta and can easily exceed the present experimentally allowed range, even after the LEP lower bounds on the sparticle masses are imposed. Such tanβ\tan\beta enhancement implies that aμsusya^{susy}_\mu can greatly exceed both the electroweak contribution (1.95×109\approx1.95\times10^{-9}) and the present hadronic uncertainty (±1.75×109\approx\pm1.75\times10^{-9}). Therefore, the new E821 Brookhaven experiment (with an expected accuracy of 0.4×1090.4\times10^{-9}) should explore a large fraction (if not all) of the parameter space of these models, corresponding to slepton, chargino, and squarks masses as high as 200, 300, and 1000 GeV respectively. Moreover, contrary to popular belief, the aμsusya^{susy}_\mu contribution can have either sign, depending on the sign of the Higgs mixing parameter μ\mu: aμsusy>0(0a^{susy}_\mu>0\,(0 (μ<0\mu<0). The present aμa_\mu constraint excludes chargino masses in the range 45-120\GeV depending on the value of tanβ\tan\beta, although there are no constraints for \tan\beta\lsim8. We also compute aτsusya^{susy}_\tau and find |a^{susy}_\tau|\approx(m_\tau/m_\mu)^2\,|a^{susy}_\mu|\lsim10^{-5} and briefly comment on its possible observability.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures (not included), Latex. Figures available from [email protected] as ps files (total 0.985MB) or uuencoded file (0.463MB). CERN-TH.6986/93, CTP-TAMU-44/9

    INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AND MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION

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    Articule 29.1.C describes and develops a respect for the cultural identity ofthe child and creates an awareness of other cultures. Different meanings of culture are determined: objective, subjective, higher, and popular. The principal factors of culture are language, religion, and ethnicity. The roots of multicultural education are found in the recommendations of international organizations, the civil rights movement of the 1960s, increased immigration, and the demands of minority groups in each country. Various models ofmulticultural education are presented: - The American model that includes cultural elements, sex, social class, age, and the handicaped. More than cultural equality, it deals with the equality oftreatment of all minorities. - The incidental inclusion in the curriculum of several components typical of minorities: folklore, humor, festivities, and national holidays. - The language and culture ofall minorities are considered as a fundamental part ofthe curriculum, but only for the members of each culture. - The co-officiality of all languages and cultures. A complete bilingualism is attained and the total integration ofthe individual in his own and the majority culture. This is the case of Spain and the Autonomous Communities who promote their own language. - The author explains the objectives, materials, teachers' roles, and schoolcommunity relations that optimize multicultural education.El Articulo 29.1.C describe y desarrolla un respeto por la identidad cultural del niño y crea una conciencia de otras culturas. Se determinan diferentes significados de cultura: objetivo, subjetivo, superior y popular. Los principales factores de la cultura son el idioma, la religión y la etnia. Las raíces de la educación multicultural se encuentran en las recomendaciones de las organizaciones internacionales, el movimiento por los derechos civiles de la década de 1960, el aumento de la inmigración y las demandas de los grupos minoritarios en cada país. Se presentan varios modelos de educación multicultural: - El modelo estadounidense que incluye elementos culturales, sexo, clase social, edad y minusválidos. Más que la igualdad cultural, se trata de la igualdad de trato de todas las minorías. - La inclusión incidental en el plan de estudios de varios componentes típicos de las minorías: folclore, humor, festividades y feriados nacionales. - El lenguaje y la cultura de todas las minorías se consideran una parte fundamental del plan de estudios, pero solo para los miembros de cada cultura. - La cooficialidad de todos los idiomas y culturas. Se logra un bilingüismo completo y la integración total del individuo en su propia cultura y la mayoritaria. Este es el caso de España y las Comunidades Autónomas que promueven su propio idioma. - El autor explica los objetivos, los materiales, las funciones de los docentes y las relaciones entre las escuelas y la comunidad que optimizan la educación multicultural

    Synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the cat cochlear nuclei

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    The presence of synaptophysin, a presynaptic ca2+ binding glycoprotein, has been analyzed in the cochlear nucleus complex of the adult cat using an antisynaptophysin monoclonal antibody. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was differently distributed between regions of cochlear nuclei. Terminal boutons contacting directly with neurons (cell bodies and dendrites) or in the neuropil of ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei appeared immunostained. In the ventral cochlear nucleus, synaptophysin-labelled boutons were clearly defined in contact with spherical, globular, multipolar, octopus and cochlear-nerve root neurons. However, the dorsal cochlear nucleus showed a dense immunostained network of synaptophysin-labelled puncta, inside which some neuron cell bodies were observed. The present findings show a differential distribution of synaptophysin- immunostained boutons between the ventral and the dorsal cochlear nuclei of the cat. The present description of the different synaptophysin-labelled terminal boutons in the cochlear nuclei complex and their pattern of distribution, will be useful for further studies on development, degeneration or regeneration of the peripheral auditory pathway
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