Aggravated Lyme Carditis in CD11a(−/−) and CD11c(−/−) Mice

CD18 hypomorph mice expressing reduced levels of the common β2 integrin chain develop aggravated Lyme carditis, compared to that developed by wild-type (WT) mice, upon infection with the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The enhancement of Lyme carditis in these mice is characterized by increased macrophage infiltration, correlating with augmented expression of the monocyte/macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). The lack of CD18 results in the deficiency of all β2 integrins, i.e., CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1), CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1/CR3), CD11c/CD18 (p150,95/CR4), and CD11d/CD18. To determine the roles of the various β2 integrins in controlling the development of aggravated Lyme carditis, disease induction was analyzed in CD11a(−/−), CD11b(−/−), and CD11c(−/−) mice. CD11a(−/−) and CD11c(−/−) mice, but not CD11b(−/−) mice, developed aggravated Lyme carditis after exposure to B. burgdorferi. Similarly to CD18 hypomorph mice, CD11c(−/−) mice expressed higher levels of MCP-1, compared to both WT and CD11a(−/−) mice, as determined by in vitro analysis of MCP-1 secretion by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and in vivo analysis of MCP-1 mRNA expression in B. burgdorferi-infected hearts. On the other hand, CD11a deficiency was associated with heightened heart B. burgdorferi burden relative to that of WT mice. Overall, our results suggest that the increased severity of Lyme carditis in CD18 hypomorph mice is caused by deficiency in CD11a or CD11c, possibly via different mechanisms

Existing antibacterial vaccines

Existen innumerables patógenos bacterianos que causan enfermedades en los seres humanos. Muchas de estas infecciones bacterianas no solo causan una morbilidad y mortalidad significativas en la población humana, sino que también tienen un impacto económico significativo en la sociedad. Las vacunas permiten la reducción y posible erradicación de tales enfermedades. Este artículo revisará las vacunas antibacterianas actualmente aprobadas, que son vacunas contra la tos ferina, el tétanos, la difteria, el meningococo, el neumococo, la influenza Haemophilus , el cólera, la fiebre tifoidea y el ántrax.There are countless bacterial pathogens that cause disease in humans. Many of these bacterial infections not only cause significant morbidity and mortality in the human population but also cause a significant economic impact on society. Vaccines allow for reduction and potential eradication of such diseases. This article will review the currently approved antibacterial vaccines, which are vaccines for pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, meningococcus, pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenza, cholera, typhoid, and anthrax