EVALUACIÓN DE LOS COSTOS DE VEHÍCULOS DE PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICA Y A GASOLINA

[ES] El inminente agotamiento de las fuentes de energía primaria, principalmente por la dependencia energética del petróleo trae como resultado la inversión en nuevos modelos de energía para la movilidad destinados a mejorar la calidad de vida de la población, buscando nuevas formas de reducir el uso de combustibles fósiles como fuente de energía. El sistema de transporte ha sufrido muchas críticas por ser responsable del consumo de gran parte de estos combustibles, por lo cual, desde hace algunas décadas se está incentivando a la reducción del transporte individual y uso de vehículos no motorizados, además del uso de fuentes alternativas de energía que incluyen vehículos propulsados por energías renovables. Europa emerge en la integración de los Vehículos Eléctricos (VE) en su flota con el fin de disminuir las emisiones de Gases Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Ya en Brasil, esta tecnología aún se encuentra tímida debido a las restricciones al uso del VE, la principal, sus costos marginales. El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en comparar los costos marginales de dos vehículos con sistemas de propulsión diferentes (gasolina y energía eléctrica). El resultado del estudio permitió analizar los pros y los contras de introducir el VE en Brasil. El método adoptado se divide en dos etapas, la primera considera una revisión bibliográfica mundial y local, seguido del análisis del costo marginal, teniendo en cuenta valores relacionados con los costos de adquisición, mantenimiento e inspección en un período de 100 mil kilómetros, además de la autonomía y valores de impuestos. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que, incluso si se adoptaran políticas de incentivos en Brasil para el uso del VE en el corto plazo, éstos podrían convertirse en inviable si no se contemplan los componentes más caros. Por lo tanto, el uso intensivo del VE en Brasil es todavía una realidad lejana.Gomez, JP.; Almeida, I.; Da Silva, RB.; De Arruda, FS.; Brasil, ACM. (2016). EVALUACIÓN DE LOS COSTOS DE VEHÍCULOS DE PROPULSIÓN ELÉCTRICA Y A GASOLINA. En XII Congreso de ingeniería del transporte. 7, 8 y 9 de Junio, Valencia (España). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 278-285. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2015.3408OCS27828

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Genomic Surveillance of Yellow Fever Virus Epizootic in São Paulo, Brazil, 2016 – 2018

São Paulo, a densely inhabited state in southeast Brazil that contains the fourth most populated city in the world, recently experienced its largest yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in decades. YFV does not normally circulate extensively in São Paulo, so most people were unvaccinated when the outbreak began. Surveillance in non-human primates (NHPs) is important for determining the magnitude and geographic extent of an epizootic, thereby helping to evaluate the risk of YFV spillover to humans. Data from infected NHPs can give more accurate insights into YFV spread than when using data from human cases alone. To contextualise human cases, identify epizootic foci and uncover the rate and direction of YFV spread in São Paulo, we generated and analysed virus genomic data and epizootic case data from NHPs in São Paulo. We report the occurrence of three spatiotemporally distinct phases of the outbreak in São Paulo prior to February 2018. We generated 51 new virus genomes from YFV positive cases identified in 23 different municipalities in São Paulo, mostly sampled from NHPs between October 2016 and January 2018. Although we observe substantial heterogeneity in lineage dispersal velocities between phylogenetic branches, continuous phylogeographic analyses of generated YFV genomes suggest that YFV lineages spread in São Paulo at a mean rate of approximately 1km per day during all phases of the outbreak. Viral lineages from the first epizootic phase in northern São Paulo subsequently dispersed towards the south of the state to cause the second and third epizootic phases there. This alters our understanding of how YFV was introduced into the densely populated south of São Paulo state. Our results shed light on the sylvatic transmission of YFV in highly fragmented forested regions in São Paulo state and highlight the importance of continued surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in sentinel species

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)