Quatre hypothèses comparatives France-Pologne sur la violence antisémite au XXe siècle (Partie 2)

A travers quatre hypothèses complémentaires liant la violence antisémite aux modes de construction du politique, l'auteur se propose de rendre compte de deux situations fortement contrastées au XXè siècle : expansion de la violence antisémite physique en Pologne ; marginalisation de cette violence en France. La première hypothèse reprend la thèse de Norbert Elias liant l'intériorisation de la violence à la centralisation politique, en rappelant le caractère inversé des modes de construction du politique en France et en Pologne. La seconde, inspirée de Tocqueville, tire les conséquences sur le plan de la violence antisémite du fait que l'égalisation des conditions fut longtemps bloquée à l'Est. La troisième porte sur la construction de la citoyenneté. En France, l'Etat parvient à imposer une citoyenneté universaliste, tandis que la faiblesse de l'Etat en Pologne, où l'idée républicaine n'a jamais pris racine, rend la situation des Juifs particulièrement précaire. La quatrième hypothèse jette un pont entre des travaux psychosociologiques et une analyse du politique. Tandis que dans un système à Etat fort, culture et politique sont fortement dissociés, en Pologne au contraire, la violence antisémite dans sa dimension passionnelle est grandement facilité par l'irruption des catégories identitaires et culturelles dans la sphère du politique et la dédifférenciation de l'Etat.Using four complementary hypotheses, the author attempts to explain two radically different situations in the 20th century : the extension of physical anti-Semitic violence in Poland as opposed to its virtual disappearance in France. The first hypothesis is based on Norbert Elias' thesis linking the interiorisation of violence to political centralisation ; in this respect political development in Poland and in France appear radically opposed. The second hypothesis - drawn from Tocqueville - considers that anti-Semitic violence is due to delayed political equality in the East. The third relates to the development of the citizenship concept. In France, the State achieved the acceptance of universal citizenship, whereas in Poland the weakness of the State and the feeble roots of the republican ideal rendered the status of the Jews precarious. The fourth hypothesis links psycho-sociology to political analysis. Whereas in a strong State, culture and politics are clearly distinct, in Poland, emotional factors (of culture or identity) merge with politics and give to anti-Semitism an echo within the political sphere

Un sceptique inconséquent. Leszek Kołakowski

En dépit de l’excellent texte de Jacques Dewitte, petit en volume mais nourri de plus de trente ans de compagnonnage intellectuel, l’œuvre de L. Kołakowski reste sous-estimée et mal connue en France. La langue n’en constitue plus l’obstacle majeur. Les traductions en français ou en anglais sont nombreuses. De plus, L. K. écrivait aussi en français, en allemand, avec moins de plaisir en anglais, si bien que la plupart de ses textes importants sont désormais accessibles aux non-polonophones. Se..

Quatre hypothèses comparatives France-Pologne sur la violence antisémite au XXe siècle (Partie 1)

A travers quatre hypothèses complémentaires liant la violence antisémite aux modes de construction du politique, l'auteur se propose de rendre compte de deux situations fortement contrastées au XXè siècle : expansion de la violence antisémite physique en Pologne ; marginalisation de cette violence en France. La première hypothèse reprend la thèse de Norbert Elias liant l'intériorisation de la violence à la centralisation politique, en rappelant le caractère inversé des modes de construction du politique en France et en Pologne. La seconde, inspirée de Tocqueville, tire les conséquences sur le plan de la violence antisémite du fait que l'égalisation des conditions fut longtemps bloquée à l'Est. La troisième porte sur la construction de la citoyenneté. En France, l'Etat parvient à imposer une citoyenneté universaliste, tandis que la faiblesse de l'Etat en Pologne, où l'idée républicaine n'a jamais pris racine, rend la situation des Juifs particulièrement précaire. La quatrième hypothèse jette un pont entre des travaux psychosociologiques et une analyse du politique. Tandis que dans un système à Etat fort, culture et politique sont fortement dissociés, en Pologne au contraire, la violence antisémite dans sa dimension passionnelle est grandement facilité par l'irruption des catégories identitaires et culturelles dans la sphère du politique et la dédifférenciation de l'Etat.Using four complementary hypotheses, the author attempts to explain two radically different situations in the 20th century : the extension of physical anti-Semitic violence in Poland as opposed to its virtual disappearance in France. The first hypothesis is based on Norbert Elias' thesis linking the interiorisation of violence to political centralisation ; in this respect political development in Poland and in France appear radically opposed. The second hypothesis - drawn from Tocqueville - considers that anti-Semitic violence is due to delayed political equality in the East. The third relates to the development of the citizenship concept. In France, the State achieved the acceptance of universal citizenship, whereas in Poland the weakness of the State and the feeble roots of the republican ideal rendered the status of the Jews precarious. The fourth hypothesis links psycho-sociology to political analysis. Whereas in a strong State, culture and politics are clearly distinct, in Poland, emotional factors (of culture or identity) merge with politics and give to anti-Semitism an echo within the political sphere

Differences in transcription between free-living and CO_2-activated third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus

Background: The disease caused by Haemonchus contortus, a blood-feeding nematode of small ruminants, is of major economic importance worldwide. The infective third-stage larva (L3) of this gastric nematode is enclosed in a cuticle (sheath) and, once ingested with herbage by the host, undergoes an exsheathment process that marks the transition from the free-living (L3) to the parasitic (xL3) stage. This study explored changes in gene transcription associated with this transition and predicted, based on comparative analysis, functional roles for key transcripts in the metabolic pathways linked to larval development. Results: Totals of 101,305 (L3) and 105,553 (xL3) expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were determined using 454 sequencing technology, and then assembled and annotated; the most abundant transcripts encoded transthyretin-like, calcium-binding EF-hand, NAD(P)-binding and nucleotide-binding proteins as well as homologues of Ancylostoma-secreted proteins (ASPs). Using an in silico-subtractive analysis, 560 and 685 sequences were shown to be uniquely represented in the L3 and xL3 stages, respectively; the transcripts encoded ribosomal proteins, collagens and elongation factors (in L3), and mainly peptidases and other enzymes of amino acid catabolism (in xL3). Caenorhabditis elegans orthologues of transcripts that were uniquely transcribed in each L3 and xL3 were predicted to interact with a total of 535 other genes, all of which were involved in embryonic development. Conclusion: The present study indicated that some key transcriptional alterations taking place during the transition from the L3 to the xL3 stage of H. contortus involve genes predicted to be linked to the development of neuronal tissue (L3 and xL3), formation of the cuticle (L3) and digestion of host haemoglobin (xL3). Future efforts using next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic technologies should provide the efficiency and depth of coverage required for the determination of the complete transcriptomes of different developmental stages and/or tissues of H. contortus as well as the genome of this important parasitic nematode. Such advances should lead to a significantly improved understanding of the molecular biology of H. contortus and, from an applied perspective, to novel methods of intervention

Morquio A Syndrome-Associated Mutations: A Review of Alterations in the GALNS gene and a New Locus-Specific Database

Morquio A syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IVA) is an autosomal recessive disorder that results from deficient activity of the enzyme Nacetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS) due to alterations in the GALNS gene, which causes major skeletal and connective tissue abnormalities and effects on multiple organ systems. The GALNS alterations associated with Morquio A are numerous and heterogeneous, and new alterations are continuously identified. To aid detection and interpretation of GALNS alterations, from previously published research, we provide a comprehensive and upto-date listing of 277 unique GALNS alterations associated with Morquio A identified from 1,091 published GALNS alleles. In agreement with previous findings, most reported GALNS alterations are missense changes and even the most frequent alterations are relatively uncommon. We found that 48% of patients are assessed as homozygous for a GALNS alteration, 39% are assessed as heterozygous for two identified GALNS alterations, and in 13% of patients only one GALNS alteration is detected. We report here the creation of a locus-specific database for the GALNS gene (http://galns.mutdb.org/) that catalogs all reported alterations in GALNS to date. We highlight the challenges both in alteration detection and genotype– phenotype interpretation caused in part by the heterogeneity of GALNS alterations and provide recommendations for molecular testing of GALNS

Exploring the benefits of magnetic resonance imaging reporting by radiographers: A UK perspective

Background: The United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) Imaging and Radiodiagnostic activity 2013/14 report estimate the year on year increase of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examinations to be 12.3%, with the designated workforce of radiologists disproportionate to the increase in demand of imaging reporting. Objective: To review the economics, risk and feasibility of MRI reporting by radiographers. Design: A PICO (the four major components of a clinical or research question: patient (population), intervention, comparison, and outcome) framework using example patient demand from audit data of non-complex MRI examination attendance (n=3,525) over 12 months. Reviewing costs, potential outcome risks (diagnostic thresholds), and feasibility (workforce capacity) of both interventions. Conclusions: The benefits of introducing a skills mix reporting service model to the benefit of service delivery in the UK has shown a potential £145,230 - £60,524 per annum cost saving using a generic acute workload model. Research into recorded discrepancy/error audit data for potential detrimental risk to patient outcomes identified a paucity of evidence, and recommends further research is needed

Research data management as a “wicked problem”

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the usefulness of the concept to thinking about Research Data Management (RDM). The concept of “wicked problems” seeks to differentiate very complex, intractable challenges from tamer issues where approaches to problem solving are well-understood. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on and co-authored by a collaboration of practitioners from libraries, information technology and research administration, with facilitators from the Sheffield Information School. Participants worked together in two-day-long workshops to understand the wicked problem concept and advice on leadership in wicked problem contexts. Findings – Participants concurred that RDM had many features of a wicked problem and most of Grint’s advice on leadership for wicked problems also resonated. Some elements of the issue were simple; participants were optimistic about improving the situation over time. Participants were resistant to the more negative or fatalistic connotations of the phrase “wicked problem”. Viewing RDM as a wicked problem is an interesting way of looking at it as a challenge for support professionals. Practical implications – The notion of a wicked problem is a generative concept that can be usefully added to professional vocabulary. Originality/value – The paper captures an in-depth response from practitioners to the notion of wicked problems as a lens for examining RDM

Exome-wide association study to identify rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes : Results from the Host Genetics Initiative

Publisher Copyright: Copyright: © 2022 Butler-Laporte et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Host genetics is a key determinant of COVID-19 outcomes. Previously, the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative genome-wide association study used common variants to identify multiple loci associated with COVID-19 outcomes. However, variants with the largest impact on COVID-19 outcomes are expected to be rare in the population. Hence, studying rare variants may provide additional insights into disease susceptibility and pathogenesis, thereby informing therapeutics development. Here, we combined whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing from 21 cohorts across 12 countries and performed rare variant exome-wide burden analyses for COVID-19 outcomes. In an analysis of 5,085 severe disease cases and 571,737 controls, we observed that carrying a rare deleterious variant in the SARS-CoV-2 sensor toll-like receptor TLR7 (on chromosome X) was associated with a 5.3-fold increase in severe disease (95% CI: 2.75–10.05, p = 5.41x10-7). This association was consistent across sexes. These results further support TLR7 as a genetic determinant of severe disease and suggest that larger studies on rare variants influencing COVID-19 outcomes could provide additional insights.Peer reviewe