Ectopic splenic tissue in the testis: a case report

Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital anomaly that has been encountered in all age groups. It is defined as an abnormal connection between spleen and gonad or mesonephros derivatives. We report a case of splenogonadal fusion which was diagnosed incidentally in a 38-year-old man with a history of infertility. This rare entity should be considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular masses.Key Words: Splenogonadal fusion, testicular mass

User preferences and problems encountered in the selection of housing windows; A case study of İstanbul-Anatolian Side

YÖK Tez No: 619708Bu çalışmada, malzemenin niteliğine göre konutlarda hangi pencere türünün tercih edildiği, tercih edilme nedenleri, tercih edilen pencerelerin kullanımında karşılaşılan sorunların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla İstanbul ili çalışma kapsamına alınmıştır. İstanbul Anadolu yakasında ikamet eden aileler ile görüşülerek anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda; katılımcıların %84,7'sinin PVC pencere, %11,3'ünün ahşap pencere, %3,3'ünün alüminyum pencere kullandıkları belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların kullandıkları pencere tipini tercih etmelerinde "yağmur, sıcak, soğuk vb, etkilere karşı dayanıklı olması" ve "uzun ömürlü olması gibi faktörlerin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Katılımcılar kullandıkları pencerelerde "pencere kenarlarında bulunan lastiklerde deformasyon" sorunu ile en fazla karşılaştıklarını belirtmişlerdir.This study to aims determine which type of window is preferred in residential buildings according to the nature of the material, the reasons of preference and the problems encountered in the use of preferred windows. For this purpose, Istanbul was included in the study. A questionnaire was conducted by interviewing families residing on the Anatolian side of Istanbul. The results revealed that 84.7% of the participants were using PVC windows, 11.3% were using wooden windows and 3.3% were using aluminum windows. It was determined that factors such as "resistant to rain, heat, cold, etc." and long life were effective in choosing the type of window used by the participants. The participants stated that the most frequently encountered problem was the deformation of the tires on the sides of the windows they used

Ideological origins of the National View Movement

Bu çalışmada, farklı söylemleri ve iktidarlarındaki farklı icraatlarıyla dikkatleri üzerlerine çeken ''Milli Görüş'' olarak tanınan, kurucusu Necmettin Erbakan olan, kurguladığı ''Adil Düzen'' ideolojisinde İslam kültür ve medeniyeti üzerine inşa ettiği sistemi irdelemeye çalışacağız. Bu ideolojinin anlaşılmasında temel felsefesiyle fikri temellerinin kendi dinamikleri içerisinde sorgulanması yararlı olacaktır. Çalışmamızda Milli Görüş'ün projeleriyle birlikte, ileri hedeflerinin tespiti araştırılacaktır. Bu hareket için ileri sürülen çeşitli eleştirel tezlerden de yararlanarak, objektif bir bakış açısıyla sonuçları karşılaştırmalı olarak tahlil edilmek, istenilmektedir. Türk siyasal sisteminde yerini alan bu hareket için ileri sürülen problemlerin tespitine yönelik olarak ele alınan bu tez, bir vaka incelemesi olarak amaçlanmıştır.This study analyzes the system of thought of National View Movement which was founded and led by Necmettin Erbakan and formulated as 'Just Order' in the 1980s. The study exlpores the movement's ideological and philosophical origins and its dynamics in a longitudinal approach. The study also looks at critical approaches about the origins and development of the National View Movement. The study aims to be a case study of an ideological and political movement with current policy consequences

Electrostatic field analysis by finite difference methods

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1992Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 1992Bu tez çalışmasında, teknik uygulamalarda yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan sayısal yöntemlerden biri olan Sonlu Farklar Yöntemi ve yöntemin statik elektrik alan incelemelerinde kullanım olanakları ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Sonlu Farklar Yönteminin ilkesi, incelenecek olan bölgenin kare, dikdörtgen,... şeklinde gözlerden oluşan bir ızgara şeklinde küçük alt bölgelere ayrılması ve ızgara üzerindeki düğümlere ilişkin potansiyel bağıntılarının yazılmasına dayanır. Çalışmada, öncelikle sonlu fark işleçleri tanıtılarak, çeşitli koordinat sistemlerinde Laplace denkleminin sonlu fark denklemleri şeklinde yazılması ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra, oluşturulan sonlu fark denklemlerinin çözümü için çeşitli çözüm yöntemleri ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Son bölümde ise Sonlu Farklar Yöntemi (SFY) kullanılarak yüksek gerilim tekniğinde karşılaşılan temel elektrot sistemlerinden bazıları için alan incelemeleri yapılmıştır. Burada, incelenecek olan elektrot sistemine uygun algoritma çıkartılmış ve potansiyel değerleri, ha zırlanan bilgisayar programları yardımıyla hesaplanmış tır. Bulunan düğüm potansiyellerine lineer interpolasyon işlemi uygulanarak eşpotansiyel noktalar, dolayısıyla eş- potansiyel çizgiler elde edilmiştir. Bu şekilde düzlem- düzlem ve sivri uç-düzlem elektrot sistemleri ile içinde gaz boşluğu bulunan bir katı yalıtkan için elektrik alan incelemeleri yapılmış ve yöntemin alan incelemelerindeki kullanım zorlukları ve olanakları görülmüştür.In recent years, several numerical methods for solving partial differential equations and thus also Laplace and Poisson equations have become available. There are inherent difficulties in solving partial dif ferential equations and thus in Laplace or Poisson equa tions for general two or three dimensional fields with sophisticated boundary conditions, or for insulating materials with different permittivities and/or conductiv ities. Each of the different numerical methods, however, has inherent advantages or disadvantages, depending upon the actual problem to be solved and thus the methods are to some extent complementary. Some of these numerical methods are Monte Carlo Method (MGM), Moment Method (MM), Charge Simulation Method (CSM), Boundary Element Method (BEM), Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite Difference Method (FDM). FEM and FDM are based on the solution of Laplace equation in a differential form. CSM and MM are integral methods. The numerical electric field calculation by computer is still a subject of research and development. Before digital computers have been available, the elec tric field strength had been obtained either by approxi mating a given electrode by an analytically computable model or by field mapping, which estimates it from the equipotential distributions. The Finite Difference Method (FDM) has been used for field computations since before the computer age. However, without a computer, it is very painstaking work to treat regular calculations such as solving a simulta neous equation by iterative procedure even in a small model. Hence it is quite reasonable that the FDM was initially examined in a computer associated electric field simulation. Many important scientific and engineering prob lems fall into the field of partial differential equa tions. The mathematical formulation of most problems in science involving rates of change with respect to two or more independent variables, usually representing time, length or angle, leads either to a partial differential 9 vi equation or to a set of such equations. Special cases of the two dimensional second order equation dx2 dxdy dy2 dx oy (1) where a, b, c, d, e, f and g may be functions of the independent variables x and y and of the dependent vari able V, occur more frequently than any other because they are often the mathematical form of one of the conserva tion principles of physics. Equation (1) is said to be elliptic when b2-4ac0. Finite Difference Method is found to be discrete technique wherein the domain of interest is represented by a set of points or nodes and information between these points is commonly obtained using Taylor series expan sions. To understand finite difference method it is first necessary to consider the nomenclature and funda mental concepts encountered in this form of approximation theory. The basic concepts are quite simple. The domain of solution of the given Laplace equation is first subdi vided by a net with a finite number of mesh points. An example of a square grid with its sides parallel to the x or y axis is shown in Figure 1. The derivative at each point is then replaced by a finite difference approxima tion. Also, boundary conditions must have known to solve the partial differential equations exactly. There are three types of boundary conditions. These are Dirichlet (first type) boundary condition, Neumann (second type) boundary condition and Robbins or hybrid (third type) boundary condition. yj+2 yj+i yj-i yj-2 X Ax- Ay i-2 Ai-1 Xi Xi+1 Xi+2 Figure 1. An example of a regular grid for finite differ ence method, indicating the node numbers. Vll Laplace equation for two dimensional field in Cartesian coordinates is a^ + üZ-o. (2) dx2 dy2 Replacing the derivatives by difference quotients which approximate the derivatives at the point {x.ityt) by tak ing Ax=Ay, Equation (2) yields (3) v2v^ = -^[v1 + v-2 + v3 + v4-4V0] =0 Equation (3) is the finite difference form of Laplace equation for a two dimensional field in Cartesian coordi nates. In this thesis, using of electrical engineering of Finite Difference Method which is commonly used in scientific and engineering problems was investigated. Electric field distributions with this method were exam ined for some of the basic electrode systems which are important in high voltage technology. In Chapter 2, finite difference operators, prin ciple of Finite Difference Method and the representation of Laplace equation by finite difference equations for regular and irregular regions with two and three dimen sional in some coordinates were investigated. Laplace equations in the different coordinate systems were given in Appendix A. The basis of Finite Difference Method is the replacement of a continuous domain representing the entire space surrounding the high voltage electrodes with a rectangular or polar grid of discrete " nodes " at which the value of unknown potential is to be computed. Thus, the derivatives are replaced describing Laplace equation with "divided difference" approximations ob tained as functions of the nodal values. In Chapter 3, the solution methods belonging to the obtained sets of finite difference equations were investigated. Usually, a convenient classification is direct and indirect (or iterative) methods. The term " direct methods " usually refers to techniques that in volve a fixed number of arithmetic operations to reach an answer. On the other hand, "indirect methods" involve the repetition of certain processes for an unknown number of times until a required accuracy in the answer is achieved. Some of these solutions methods are Gaussian Elimination, LU Decomposition, Gauss-Seidel Method and viii Successive Over Relaxation Method (SOR). In Chapter 4, studies made with Finite Difference Method were explained. During the studies, some comput ers programs were improved and these programs were given in Appendix B. Successive Over Relaxation Method (SOR) was used as a solution method. In developed programs, acceleration parameter or factor <& was varied between 1.0 and 1.9. Equipotential points were found by the linear interpolation process. The linear interpolation process was applied between calculated potential of nodes. These equipotential points were transferred to the potential file. This potential file was used to obtain the figure of potential distribution of the electrode system by a drawing program. In applications, first, Laplace equation was solved with Dirichlet boundary conditions on a rectangu lar region. Program SFY1 given in Appendix B was used to solve this problem. As second problem, plane-plane elec trode system was analyzed in Cartesian and Cylindrical coordinates. In these problems, Neumann boundary condi tions were used on the boundaries out of the electrodes. The results calculated with programs SFY2 and SFY3 given in Appendix B were confirmed by known analytical solu tions. Then, in a solid dielectric with a circular cylindrical gaseous cavity was considered, the axis of the cylinder being parallel to the electric field. The dielectric is contained between two infinite plane paral lel electrodes, whose distance apart is not great com pared with the dimensions of the cavity. The distribu tion of the potential in the solid dielectric has been calculated, in both alternating (er=2) and direct (cr=0°) voltage conditions by Finite Difference Method. The cross-section through the axis is divided into a rectan gular mesh of points, the mesh length being h, and the center of the cavity is taken as the origin of circular cylindrical coordinates. The potential V at the i,j node point is denoted by v\., the center of the cavity being assumed to be at zero potential. The potential V at a point r, 6, z is given by the Laplace equation dr2 r dr Bzz (4) which in finite difference form becomes 'i«.,j (5) IX From symmetry, only one quarter of the cross- section corresponding to the first quadrant need be considered. The treatment of the boundary conditions at z = 0 and z=+a/2 is fairly simple, since the potentials at the node points on these boundaries are known. There is no true boundary in the radial direction, but for unique ness of solution it has been assumed that, after a dis tance of 3rb in the radial direction, the voltage distri bution is uniform. Potential distributions were calcu lated for hb/a=0. 1-0. 25, rb/hb=l-3 and gr=2-<» by program SFY4 given in Appendix B. Potential distributions in a circular cylindrical gaseous cavity in a solid dielec tric, the axis of the cylinder being parallel to the field are shown in Figure 2. a) b) Fig. 2 Potential distributions in a solid dielectric with a circular cylindrical gaseous cavity for h./a=0.25, rb/hb=l. a-)er=2 (Alternating voltage condition) b)er=<» (Direct voltage condition) The last example is analyzing of the potential distribution in point-plane electrode system. In this example, to obtain a better solution, the region is subdivided into small rectangular meshes near the point electrode and large square meshes at a distance of the point electrode. The solutions belonging to this example were realized by using program SFY5 given in Appendix B. From the investigations and applications that made on Finite Difference Method have been obtained 1. FDM can be easily used for electrostatic field prob lems with closed regions, 2. Accuracy of electric field computation by Finite Difference Method mainly depends on size and regulari ty of the using meshes and adaptation of meshes to the boundaries. 3. Electrostatic field analysis by FDM can be used in order to achieve economy, reliability and well bal anced design of high voltage apparatus.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Better Stories Of Solidarity With Queer Migrants: An Inquiry Into Mr. Gay Syria

This thesis analyzes the film Mr. Gay Syria (2017, directed by Ayşe Toprak) around three conceptualizations of solidarity: affective (Hemmings 2012), reflective (Dean 1998), and intersectional (Crenshaw 1989). I argue that Mr. Gay Syria imagines, articulates and puts into action a “better story” (Georgis 2014) of solidarity, which includes bearing witness to pain and mourning, as well as to hope and (mutual) transformation. This analysis is supported by the use of Focus Group Discussion as a methodology that has the potential to create an intersectional space for reflective and affective solidarity

Küçük ve orta büyüklükteki işletmelerde elektronik ticaret önündeki engeller ve çözüm önerileri

Son yıllarda bilişim teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle internet ülkemizde ve dünyada hızla yayılmış, tüm alanlarda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Elektronik ticaret internetin kullanıldığı en önemli alanlardan biridir. Elektronik ticaret küçük ve orta büyüklükteki işletmelerin (KOBİ) rakiplerinin önüne geçebilmeleri için önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Fakat ülkemizde KOBİ’lerde elektronik ticaret uygulamaları bazı engeller nedeniyle istenilen seviyeye ulaşamamıştır. Yapılan bu çalışmada KOBİ’lerde elektronik ticaret yapamama / geliştirememe nedenleri, makro (ülkesel) ve mikro (işletmesel) bazda incelenmiş, bu engellere yönelik olarak çeşitli çözüm önerileri ortaya konmuştur. Ele alınan problemler teknik, finansal, hukuki ve sosyal olmak üzere dört ana başlık altında toplanmıştır. Genel olarak bakıldığında sosyal ve hukuki problemlerin ana problemler, finansal ve teknik problemlerin daha geri planda olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ortaya konan çözüm önerilerine bakıldığında ise, konu ile ilgili olarak KOBİ’lerin ve tüketicilerin bilgilendirilmesi, KOBİ’lere yönelik eğitim programlarının düzenlenmesi, yasal ve teknik altyapı boşluklarının tamamlanması, KOBİ’lere konu ile ilgili finansal teşviklerin sağlanması gerekliliği ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, sözkonusu problemlerin üzerine gidilerek, elektronik ticaretin KOBİ’lere ve ülkemize daha fazla katkı oluşturması sağlanabilir. ABSTRACTTHE BARRIERS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES AND SOLUTION OFFERSIn the recent years, internet has been spread rapidly both in Turkey and world wide and internet has started to be used all the areas supported by development information technologies. Electronic commerce is one of the fundamental area which the internet is used. Electronic commerce supply opportunities to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for being one step forward from their rivals. However, electronic commerce applications in SMEs, has not reached expected level due to some difficulties in our country. This paper examines the reasons of not e-commercing or developing in both macro (in Turkey) and micro (in Turkey’s SMEs) basis and offers kinds of solutions to these difficulties in SMEs. These difficulties have been collected in four main titles; technical, financial, legal and social. When we analyse it deeply, it is found out that, social and legal problems were main problems, however technical and financial problems were one step behind than the problems that had mentioned above. The task it is necessary that SMEs and consumers must be informed about electronic commerce, the training programmes must be organized, the legal and technical infrastructure inadequacies must be completed, and finansal subsidies must be provides to SMEs. Consequently, if the problems that mentioned above are all the solved, the electronic commerce would provide ecenomical value to SMEs and to our country

Yabancı dil öğrencilerinin duygu ifade eden sözcükleri kullanmadaki yeterliliğinin incelenmesi

Bu çalışma, İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen Türk öğrencilerin Türkçe ve İngilizce otobiyografik anlatımlarında kullandıkları pozitif (örn., mutlu) ve negatif (örn., kızgın) duygu ifadelerindeki diller arası farklılıkları nicel ve nitel yönden incelemeyi ve aynı zamanda öğrencilerin duygularını ifade ederken hangi dili tercih ettiklerine dair görüşlerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, aşağıdaki sorulara cevap aranmıştır: 1. İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen Türk öğrenciler tarafından yazılan Türkçe ve İngilizce otobiyografik anılarda olumlu ve olumsuz duygu ifadeleri arasında a. anlatıların uzunluğu (toplam kelime sayısı), b. duygu kelimelerinin üretkenliği, c. duygu kelimelerinin zenginliği, d. duygu kelimelerinin biçim-sözdizimsel kategorilere göre dağılımları bakımından bir farklılık var mıdır? 2. Öğrencilerin birinci ve ikinci dilde duygularını ifade etmedeki sözcük seçimleri nelerdir? 3. Birinci ve ikinci dildeki duygu ifade eden kelimeler arasındaki yapısal ve kavramsal eşdeğersizliğin öğrencilerin sözcük seçimleri üzerindeki etkileri nelerdir? 4. Öğrencilerin birinci ve ikinci dilde pozitif ve negatif duyguları ifade etme konusundaki görüşleri nelerdir? Çalışmanın örneklemini İstanbul’da bir devlet üniversitesinde 2. sınıfta okuyan İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenen 30 Türk öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak yazılı otobiyografik anlatım tekniği seçilmiştir. Buna göre öğrenciler mutlu (olumlu) ve kızgın (olumsuz) hissettikleri duygusal anılarını hem Türkçe hem İngilizce olarak yazmışlardır. Ayrıca öğrencilere yapılandırılmış dil tercihi anketi (bazı bölümleri Paik, 2010’dan uyarlanmıştır) uygulanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular, duygu ifade eden sözcük kullanımı açısından Türkçe ve İngilizce anılar arasında nicel ve nitel farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. İlk olarak, iki dil arasındaki yapısal farklılıklardan dolayı İngilizce anlatıların Türkçe anlatılardan toplam kelime sayısı bakımından daha uzun olduğu görülmüştür. İkinci olarak, öğrenciler Türkçe anılarında anlamlı bir şekilde sayıca daha fazla duygu ifade eden kelime kullanarak anadillerinde daha üretken olduklarını göstermişlerdir. Diğer yandan, her ne kadar öğrenciler Türkçe anılarında daha fazla çeşit duygu sözcüğü kullanmış olsa da, toplam duygu kelimelerinin zenginliği her iki dilde de neredeyse aynı çıkmıştır. Duygu kelimelerinin biçim-sözdizimsel kategorilere göre dağılımlarına bakıldığında ise öğrenciler Türkçede çoğunlukla duygu fiillerini, İngilizcede ise daha çok duygu sıfatlarını tercih etmişlerdir. Bu durum öğrencilerin, yerli İngilizcedeki duygu kelime sınıflandırmasına uyduklarını göstermektedir. Öğrencilerin sözcük seçimleriyle alakalı olarak, her iki dilde de en çok tercih edilen duygu sözcükleri biçim-sözdizimsel olarak farklılık gösterse de kavramsal olarak benzer kelimeler kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, her iki dildeki duygu ifade eden kelimeler arasındaki yapısal ve kavramsal eşdeğersizliğin bazen negatif aktarım, sözcük alıntısı ve bazı sözcükleri kullanmaktan kaçınmaya yol açtığı gözlenmiştir. Son olarak, anket sonuçlarına göre öğrenciler anadillerinde kendilerini daha yeterli hissettikleri için olumlu ve olumsuz duygularını yansıtırken genellikle Türkçeyi tercih ettiklerini ifade etmişlerdir. Bunun yanı sıra, İngilizce olumsuz duyguları ifade etmede zaman zaman tercih edilmiştir; özellikle küfür gibi tabu kelimeler mesafe dili olarak görülen İngilizcede daha kabul edilebilir ve daha ulaşılabilir olduğu için bu tarz sözcüklerin daha çok ikinci dilde kullanılması tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışma ayrıca, dil programlarına, yabancı dil öğretmenlerine ve öğretmen adaylarına ikinci dilde duyguların ifade edilmesinin eğitimine yönelik önemli öneriler sunmaktadır. ABSTRACT The present study aims to investigate cross-linguistic differences between the expression of positive emotions (e.g., happy) and negative emotions (e.g., angry) in the first language (L1) Turkish and the second language (L2) English autobiographical narratives of Turkish learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in quantitative and qualitative terms, and to explore the students’ opinions about their language preferences in expressing emotions. For these aims, the following research questions are addressed: 1. Is there a difference between positive and negative emotion expressions in L1 Turkish and L2 English narratives written by Turkish EFL students in terms of: a. narrative lengths (total number of word tokens)? b. productivity of the emotion vocabulary? c. lexical richness of the emotion vocabulary? d. the distribution of the emotion vocabulary across morphosyntactic categories? 2. What are the lexical choices of Turkish EFL students for expressing emotions in L1 and L2? 3. What are the effects of structural and conceptual non-equivalences between L1 and L2 emotion words on the lexical choices of Turkish EFL students? 4. What are Turkish EFL students’ views about expressing negative and positive emotions in L1 and L2? The participants consisted of 30 Turkish EFL sophomore students studying at a state university in Istanbul, Turkey. Data were collected by means of the autobiographical narrative method in which the students typed up their happy (positive) and angry (negative) emotional experiences both in their L1 and L2, and the structured questionnaire of language preference (some parts were adapted from Paik, 2010) was conducted. The results showed that there were both quantitative and qualitative differences in the use of emotion vocabulary between L1 Turkish and L2 English narratives. First of all, English narratives were longer than Turkish narratives in terms of total number of word tokens due to structural differences between two languages. Secondly, the students produced significantly a higher number of emotion word tokens in Turkish narratives showing that they were more productive in their L1. However, the total lexical richness of emotion vocabulary, measured through type/token ratio, was almost the same in Turkish and English corpus although the students produced a wider variety of emotion lemmas in Turkish narratives. Regarding the morphosyntactic distribution of emotion words, the students mostly preferred emotion verbs in Turkish corpus while they favored emotion adjectives in English corpus, which showed that they conformed to the native pattern of emotion word categorization in English. With respect to the lexical choices of the most preferred emotion vocabulary, the students used similar emotion lemmas and concepts in two languages, but with some morphosyntactic differences. Furthermore, structural and conceptual non-equivalences of emotion words between two languages occasionally led to instances of transfer errors from L1 to L2, borrowing, and avoidance of specific emotion words. Finally, the analysis of the structured questionnaire indicated that the students mostly preferred Turkish in reflecting both positive and negative emotions because they felt more competent while expressing their emotions in their native language. English was also preferred on occasions to express negative emotions especially while using taboo words that were more acceptable and accessible in L2 English as a detachment language. The study also generated important implications for L2 instruction, foreign language programs as well as teacher candidates and teacher education on emotional expression

A comparison of the effects of a special gynaecological garment and music in reducing the anxiety related to gynaecological examination

WOS: 000300504000022PubMed ID: 22171649Aim and objectives. To investigate the effect of a special gynaecological garment and music plus the special gynaecological garment on reducing the state anxiety related to gynaecological examination. Background. Gynaecological examination is one of the most common anxiety-producing medical procedures and causes embarrassment and discomfort. Few studies have focused on the effect of a gynaecological garment on anxiety associated with gynaecological examinations. Design. The patients were allocated to one of three groups, one control and two experimental. While the patients in the control group were subjected to the normal outpatient procedure, the patients in the first experimental group were dressed in a special gynaecological garment. In the control group, gynaecological examinations were performed with a traditional one-piece drape. In addition to wearing the special gynaecological garment, the women in the garment + music group listened to music during the gynaecological examination. The State Anxiety Inventory Form was applied to the patients in all three groups before and after gynaecological examination. Results. The state anxiety level after gynaecological examination in patients in the control group was found to be higher, but it was found to be lower in patients in both the first experimental group ( garment) and the second experimental group ( garment + music). The state anxiety level was found to be more reduced in the experimental groups than in the control group. The state anxiety level after gynaecological examination was found to be higher in single patients in the second experimental group. Conclusion. The special gynaecological garments are effective in reducing the state anxiety associated with gynaecological examination. Relevance to clinical practice. It should be taken into consideration that women perceived state anxiety during the gynaecological examinations. To allay anxiety associated with gynaecological examination in women, a special garment may be considered