Repellency of Dettol, a Commercial Cleaning Product, Against Adult American Cockroaches Periplaneta americana (L.)

Dettol, a commercial cleaning product was tested for its repellent action against adults of Periplaneta americana (L.). Experimental cage was constructed with pieces of polypropylene plastic material to have a finished form measuring 30×30×60cm. Two cardboard shelters (for each trial) were assembled each 10cm square by size with an opening of 1.5×1.5cm to allow for free passage. One of the shelters was treated with undiluted Dettol, the other with water (control) prior to placement in the cage. Twenty five adult roaches were released in the cage also provided with water and 50g dog biscuit at each trial. The cage was placed close to the sunlight by midday over seven days observation period and the number of roaches in and close to the shelters were recorded three times by 30 minutes interval. Similar procedure was used when applying 1:37 and 1:74 dilutions of the product. A highest mean repellency (0.00±0.00) was observed in the treated shelter (TS) with undiluted concentration while the least (13.33±1.15) was in the control shelter (CS). Similarly, repellency was extended close to the treated shelter (CTS) than close to the control shelter (CCS). However, repellency was observed to be indirectly proportional to both concentration and exposure time. The active ingredient responsible for repelling the roaches in Dettol is discussed. Keywords: Repellency, Periplaneta americana, Detto

Intra-colonial Population of Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) [Isoptera: Termitidae] in Sokoto, Semi-Arid Zone of North-Western Nigeria

The intra- colonial population of individuals within the mounds of mound- building termite, Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) occurring in some selected Local Government Areas of Sokoto State were studied. A total of 72 cone shaped mounds were selected based on their heights. Populationswere estimated by randomly collecting and counting core samples from the mounds using a small bucket as the mounds were being excavated. At the end of the excavation, the total sand removed from the mound was crushed and measured using the same bucket. Total number of termites from a mound was extrapolated from the above estimates. Results indicate the presence of five different castes; reproductives, workers, minor and major soldiers and nymphs. The population of individuals per moundapart from the reproductives, ranged between 14158.00 and 24777.67 with an average of 18,795.49 termites per mound. The nymphs were the largest (5,942.60) closely followed by the workers (5,547.70), while the minor soldiers are the least with 3,279.38. Significant difference (p<0.05) occurred between minor soldiers and nymphs, major soldiers and nymphs, minor soldiers and workers and minor soldiers and nymphs in some of the studied areas. The present study show M. bellicosus to have high population within individual mounds enough to cause damage if ignored. Being a pestiferous species that could promote erosion, appropriate control strategies are required for its control.Key words: Macrotermes bellicosus, Mounds- building termites, intra-colonial Population, Mounds, Castes

Determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary health center of Northeastern Nigeria.

Gram negative resistance particularly amongst species of has emerged as a worldwide threat affecting the efficacy of our commonly used antimicrobial agents. These threats affect the quality of care and results in prolonged hospitalization and increase in health care cost. We set out to evaluate the occurrence and profile of antimicrobial resistance from clinical isolates of in a tertiary health center of north-eastern, Nigeria. Method: Confirmed species of isolated from 225 patients that were admitted in various units of University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) Maiduguri were tested for susceptibility to 6 antimicrobial agents; ampicillin (10µg), aztreonam (30µg), gentamicin (10µg), ceftriaxone (30µg), ciprofloxacin (5µg) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10µg) using the clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) breakpoints. Results: A total of 225 clinical variants of were isolated during the study period. The specie with the highest proportion was with 73(32.4%) and this was followed closely by with 61(27.1%). The result of the susceptibility testing on this species of showed ampicillin (10µg) with the highest resistance of 118(52.4%) while aztreonam(30µg) has the lowest resistance of 58(25.8%). Conclusion: There is the existence of widespread resistance to mostly the beta lactam agents among species of with the exception of Aztreonam. Irrational use of antibiotics must be discouraged so as to reduce this emerging threat. Stringent infection control and antibiotic stewardship programshould be established and sustained in our hospitals nationwide

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Efficacy of selected seed oils against the longevity of cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculates (F.)

Oil extracts from seeds of neem, cotton, groundnut castor, and desert dates were evaluated for efficacy against the longevity of cowpea weevils Callosobruchus maculatus. The oils, straight or in mixtures were admixed with seeds of two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) at doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0ml/50g seed and fed to the weevils in petri dishes. Results showed that longevity among the weevils was indirectly proportional to the dosage of oil used. There were significant differences (

Variabilité spatiale de la structure spécifique d’un peuplement ligneux et de l’endémicité en zone de montagne aux Comores

L’objet de ce travail est d’établir la variabilité de la structuration de la flore et de la végétation ligneuses de la forêt du Karthala. Des relevés de la végétation ont été réalisés dans le versant Ouest, dans versant Sud soumis à la mousson du Nord-Ouest et dans le versant Est soumis au Alizés du Sud-Est. La diversité (alpha et beta), l’organisation, le taux d’espèces endémiques, ont permis d’établir une nette variation dans la richesse floristique et la structure du peuplement végétal, ce qui témoigne une grande variabilité du patron habitat dans ces différents versants. Le versant Ouest est en effet, le légèrement plus diversifié (en moyenne 11,5 espèces au 100 m²) que le versant Est (11espèces). L’endémicité est plus élevée dans ces deux versants que le versant Sud. La densité du peuplement est par contre plus élevée dans le versant Sud, alors que la surface terrière est plus élevée à l’Est. L’étude du potentiel de régénération a montré que le peuplement régénère plus au Sud (55,5% de jeunes plants) qu’à l’Est (24,2%) et à l’Ouest (20,1%). L’étude de la beta diversité a montré une faible ressemblance floristique entre les versants.Mots clés: Variabilité, végétation, indice de diversité alpha et beta, Karthala

A survey on tick species infesting domestic birds sold at Sokoto central market, Nigeria

A Survey on tick species of domestic birds was carried out at Sokoto Market between August and November, 2007. A total of 450 domestic birds, 150 each of chickens, guinea fowls and pigeons were examined for the presence of ticks. Out ofthese 135 (30%) were found infested. 90 (60%) of which were chickens, 45 (30%) were guinea fowls and none of the pigeons were infested. In all 89 ticks were isolated, 61(68%) from chickens and 28(33.3%) from guinea fowls. Out of the 61 ticks identified from chickens 38(62.2%) were of Argas persicus, 20 (32.7%) A.walkerae and 3 (4.9%) were Ornithodoros moubata. Out of the 28 ticks isolated from guinea fowls, 16(57.2%) were A. persicus, 06 (21.4%) A.walkerae, 04 (14.3%) were O. moubata and only 02(7.1%) were O. savignyi. The study on location of ticks isolation revealed that out of the 89 ticks identified, 31(34.8%) were isolated from under the wings, 30 (33.7%) were isolated around the cloacal (vent) region, 28 (31.4%) were isolated from the breast area and none from head or neck region. The study showed that Sokoto area is an endemic area as far as ticks ectoparasites are concerned, with chickens having higher prevalence and A .persicus more common than the other species