Investigation of mixed element hybrid grid-based CFD methods for rotorcraft flow analysis

Accurate first-principles flow prediction is essential to the design and development of rotorcraft, and while current numerical analysis tools can, in theory, model the complete flow field, in practice the accuracy of these tools is limited by various inherent numerical deficiencies. An approach that combines the first-principles physical modeling capability of CFD schemes with the vortex preservation capabilities of Lagrangian vortex methods has been developed recently that controls the numerical diffusion of the rotor wake in a grid-based solver by employing a vorticity-velocity, rather than primitive variable, formulation. Coupling strategies, including variable exchange protocols are evaluated using several unstructured, structured, and Cartesian-grid Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)/Euler CFD solvers. Results obtained with the hybrid grid-based solvers illustrate the capability of this hybrid method to resolve vortex-dominated flow fields with lower cell counts than pure RANS/Euler methods

Kualitas Hidup Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Se Kota Kupang

Diabetes Mellitus is well known as a chronic disease which can lead to a decrease in quality of life in all domains. The study aims to explore the diabetic type 2 patient\u27s quality of life and find out the factors affecting in type 2 diabetic mellitus patients. The cross-sectional study design is used that included 65 patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, in 11 public health centers of Kupang City. Data were collected by using Short Form Survey (SF-36) that assessed 8-scale health profile. Independent sample t-test is used to analyze the correlation between the factors affecting and the quality of life. the study showed that the QoL of DM patients decreased in all 8- health profile including physical functioning, social functioning, mental health, general health, pain, change in the role due to physical problems and emotional problems. The Study also showed there was a relationship between gender, duration of suffering from Diabetes mellitus, and complications to the quality of life. Male perceived a better quality of life than female

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses

To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1–11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely

Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

Para-infectious brain injury in COVID-19 persists at follow-up despite attenuated cytokine and autoantibody responses

To understand neurological complications of COVID-19 better both acutely and for recovery, we measured markers of brain injury, inflammatory mediators, and autoantibodies in 203 hospitalised participants; 111 with acute sera (1–11 days post-admission) and 92 convalescent sera (56 with COVID-19-associated neurological diagnoses). Here we show that compared to 60 uninfected controls, tTau, GFAP, NfL, and UCH-L1 are increased with COVID-19 infection at acute timepoints and NfL and GFAP are significantly higher in participants with neurological complications. Inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-12p40, HGF, M-CSF, CCL2, and IL-1RA) are associated with both altered consciousness and markers of brain injury. Autoantibodies are more common in COVID-19 than controls and some (including against MYL7, UCH-L1, and GRIN3B) are more frequent with altered consciousness. Additionally, convalescent participants with neurological complications show elevated GFAP and NfL, unrelated to attenuated systemic inflammatory mediators and to autoantibody responses. Overall, neurological complications of COVID-19 are associated with evidence of neuroglial injury in both acute and late disease and these correlate with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses acutely

Flow Driven Oscillating Vortex Generators for Control of Boundary Layer Separation

Active flow control can be effective in tailoring boundary layer dynamics, but concepts developed to date have typically imposed significant design penalties because of the power and hardware required. This paper discusses the development and demonstration of a family of self-excited Flow Driven Oscillating Vortex Generators (FDOVGs) which oscillate at frequencies where the induced vortical flows have length scales that are of the order of the scale of the aerodynamic surface. FDOVGs receive power from the mean flow to operate and generate large amplitude oscillations that are useful for controlling boundary layer dynamics. This project entailed sequential concept development, analysis, design, fabrication, and testing of candidate FDOVG devices. Experimental activity included both studies of stand-alone FDOVGs as well as integrated tests of FDOVG arrays on lifting wings. Results clearly demonstrated the ability of these arrays to effect considerable improvements to attached flow with zero input power. In addition, several candidate mechanisms for deploying FDOVGs were developed, potentially enabling these improvements while also permitting device retraction, and, hence, yielding negligible cruise drag penalty. The demonstrations in hand are the first step in the development of micro-as well as macro-scale FDOVG devices with applications on micro air vehicles, UAVs, subsonic transports, and road vehicles

Investigation of Mixed Element Hybrid Grid-Based CFD Methods for Rotorcraft Flow Analysis

Abstract Accurate first-principles flow prediction is essential to the design and development of rotorcraft, and while current numerical analysis tools can, in theory, model the complete flow field, in practice the accuracy of these tools is limited by various inherent numerical deficiencies. An approach that combines the first-principles physical modeling capability of CFD schemes with the vortex preservation capabilities of Lagrangian vortex methods has been developed recently that controls the numerical diffusion of the rotor wake in a grid-based solver by employing a vorticity-velocity, rather than primitive variable, formulation. Coupling strategies, including variable exchange protocols are evaluated using several unstructured, structured, and Cartesian-grid Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)/Euler CFD solvers. Results obtained with the hybrid grid-based solvers illustrate the capability of this hybrid method to resolve vortex-dominated flow fields with lower cell counts than pure RANS/Euler methods

Biodiversity, biofacies and biogeography of middle Cambrian (Series 3) arthropods (Trilobita and Agnostida) on the East Gondwana margin

Cambrian (Series 3) trilobites and agnostids from the palaeoequatorial East Gondwana margin, comprising mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and eastern Antarctica. Analysis of 224 genera of trilobites and agnostids from 78 fossil sites across three Cambrian Stage 3 time intervals (Stage 5, Drumian, Guzhangian) is presented. Results of the Stage 5 analyses reveal a major grouping of faunas from the Arafura, Georgina and Warburton basins, plus the Gnalta Shelf in New South Wales, typically represented by deep-water, outer shelf assemblages that commonly contain agnostids, oryctocephalids, 'Pagetia' and 'Xystridura'. Faunal exchange between these depocentres was permitted by a transgression that was associated with tectonically induced subsidence of basement blocks in the Georgina Basin, such as the Mt Isa block, during this stage. Drumian faunas are represented by three distinct site groupings: Group D1 is represented exclusively by several Georgina Basin assemblages that occur in shallow marine (intertidal to subtidal) settings, including the common trilobite genera 'Asthenopsis', 'Chondranomocare', 'Fuchouia' and 'Penarosa', plus a range of agnostids, that inhabited an epeiric sea with connections totheopenocean; Groups D2 and D3 are represented by sites along the entire margin, from northern Australia to the Transantarctic Mountains that characterise a range of shallow to deep marine palaeoenvironments. These complex Drumian groupings most likely reflect long-range faunal exchange along the margin permitted by the eustatic transgression taking place at this time, which particularly influenced the distribution of eurytopic agnostid species that are common in these faunas. Two Drumian faunas from the Hodge Slate and Que River Beds in Tasmania (part of Group D3) exemplify a unique biofacies occurring in a deep-water, outer shelf setting, possibly in the lower photic zone, with the former assemblage containing the blind trilobites 'Meneviella' and 'Holocephalina', and the latter containing only agnostids. Results of the Guzhangian analyses show four obvious faunal groupings, with Groups G1 and G2 being the largest and representing sites along the entiremargin, while Group G3 is restricted to some of the Warburton Basin, Tasmanian and Antarctic sites, and Group G4 comprises only Tasmanian sites. Groups G1 and G2 correspond to Boomerangian and Mindyallan faunas, respectively, representing two temporally separated biofacies situated on the outer shelf to slope: Group G1 assemblages typically contain the trilobites 'Acontheus', 'Amphoton', 'Centropleura', 'Dorypyge', 'Fuchouia', 'Huzhuia', 'Pianaspis' and 'Solenoparia'; and Group G2 faunas often contain the trilobites 'Blackwelderia', 'Genevievella','Liostracina', 'Meteoraspis', 'Metopotropis', 'Mindycrusta', 'Palaeadotes', 'Rhyssometopus' and 'Townleyella'; with both groups containing a considerable number of eurytopic agnostid species. Group G4 assemblages also inhabit outer shelf settings, but have lower diversity, with common taxa including the trilobite Nepea and the agnostids 'Clavagnostus', 'Oidalagnostus' and 'Valenagnostus'. The considerable number of cosmopolitan Guzhangian agnostid species in association with distinct deep-water trilobite-agnostid assemblages along the entire East Gondwana margin strongly reflects the eustatic transgressive event that reached its pinnacle during this stage of Cambrian Series 3 that allowed for greater faunal exchange between areas on the margin and other palaeocontinents and terranes. The East Gondwana margin represents a biodiversity "hot spot" during Cambrian Series 3, containing almost one-quarter (~23%) of the trilobite and agnostid genera known worldwide. Our data support previous interpretations that Cambrian Series 3 trilobites and agnostid faunas from the East Gondwana margin, particularly those from Australia and Antarctica, have strong biogeographic links with those from Chinese terranes (especially North and South China), the Himalaya, and to a lesser extent, Iran, Kazakhstan, Laurentia and Siberia. Our data also reveal an overall increase in generic diversity throughout Cambrian Series 3, reaching a peak in the Guzhangian, with major diversifications most likely corresponding to eustatic transgressive phases, particularly in the Drumian and Guzhangian. This diversity trend for the East Gondwanamargin closely matches that observed for contemporaneous faunas in other parts of the world, especially in China, Kazakhstan and West Gondwana, although diversity in the latter region reaches an acme in Drumian times