John C. Calhoun Becomes the Tenth Justice: State Sovereignty, Judicial Review, and Environmental Law After June 23, 1999.

The past several years have witnessed a five Justice majority of the Supreme Court enunciating increasingly severe limitations upon Congress’ Article I powers. One effort by these five Justices has emanated from a unique explication of the Eleventh Amendment which began with Seminole Tribe v. Florida in 1996 and was expanded by three decisions announced on June 23, 1999. This Quartet of decisions has significantly limited congressional power. This doctrine, the author contends, represents a revival of the Calhounian nullification doctrine which was a primary intellectual underpinning of southern secession in the last century. [Justice Souter asserts that it is a revival of “industrial due process.”] The article examines the doctrine as explicated by Seminole Tribe and its progeny as it establishes severe limits on Congressional power, enunciates an undefined doctrine of concurrent sovereignty between the states and the federal government, declares that the use of property is not within the ambit of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and reallocates the demarcation of the separation of powers by declaring that federal courts will not only ask what Congress did, but also why Congress did it, and whether Congress had sufficient evidentiary support to do it. The article surveys the impact this Quartet of decisions may have upon environmental law by examining the impact upon the jurisdictional reach of the Clean Water Act, whether a state may be held liable as a potentially responsible party under CERCLA by a private party, whether there is a new basis to challenge the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Clean Air Act, the implications for takings litigation, and the potential impact upon delegated authority and citizen suits. With the advent of the Calhounian Quartet, the article concludes, one is sailing upon uncharted seas without a compass, much less a global positioning system

Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method Development for the Determination of β–Defensins in Bovine Milk

Bovine mastitis, caused by a wide array of pathogens, results in a substantial economic loss for the dairy cattle livestock industry. β-defensins are a part of the bovine’s innate immune system and act as the first line of defense against mastitis. Only foundational research has been done on β-defensins’ ability to treat and prevent mastitis. There have been no analytical methods reported in the literature for analyzing β-defensins in bovine milk. This research aims to create an analytical approach to determine β-defensins in bovine milk. It is challenging to determine an analyte in a complex sample matrix, and milk is a complex matrix. This research explored raw milk preparation (sample clean-up) for Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analyses using size exclusion and reverse phase solid-phase extraction for sample clean-up. This cleaner sample aided the development of a preliminary method, that could be created to detect β-defensins using LCMS. A mass spectrum from a cleaned milk sample was obtained. Future research could expand on this experimentation to create a reproducible method to characterize β-defensins analytically

Adair, then and now : an example of cooperation between school and community as seen in the Adair School District (Elementary School No. 78-2) Jefferson County, Kentucky.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the origin and development of a specific small school in a specific small community, to show how the school and the community cooperate with one another, and to present the relationship between this school and this community as an example of the democratic way of life on the local level. The school is Adair (Elementary School No. 78-2) and the community is a small section of Jefferson County just outside the city limits of Louisville. The first part of the paper -- Adair Then -- tells how the need tor a school arose in this community; how this need was met by public-spirited citizens of the community; and how, as the community expanded in population, the school grew with it. The second part of the paper -- Adair Now -- describes the present relationship between the school and the community, and shows how they work together democratically for the good of all

Personalized Semantics In Queries

The technology described in this paper relates to providing personalized query results to users based on inferred semantics associated with the query and the user submitting the query. The query may be a search query, a navigation query, an agentic query, or the like. The semantics include, for example, personally meaningful concepts associated with the user submitting the query. The inferred semantics are determined using an artificial intelligence (“AI”) model. The queries can be input in a natural language form. The queries may include user-specific context, such as references to user-specific data related to historical queries, calendar entries, contact information, or the like. With the user’s authorization, the user data may be accessed, and information identified therein may be correlated with the user-specific context to return personalized results

THE INVESTIGATION OF MERCURY REDOX CHEMISTRY IN NATURAL WATERS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW METHOD FOR INCUBATION EXPERIMENTS

The redox processes that control Hg speciation in natural waters are poorly understood and study results often disagree, primarily a consequence of varied and often flawed methodologies. An incubation method was developed utilizing PFA Teflon® bag reaction vessels to reduce sources of error, and additions of isotopically labeled Hg to quantify rate constants. With low measures of error and duplicate bag reproducibility, this method was applied via incubations of natural waters in ambient sunlight to test three theories; 1) Hg oxidation and reduction are photochemically mediated, 2) Hg reduction is correlated to [DOC], and 3) Hg oxidation is enhanced by halides. The former was proven through the detection of redox chemistry during daylight and its absence in the dark. Results indicate the importance of both redox processes in natural waters, but failed to prove the latter two theories, potentially due to greater than expected [DOC] in one experiment

TSPO: kaleidoscopic 18-kDa amid biochemical pharmacology, control and targeting of mitochondria

The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) localizes in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) of cells and is readily up-regulated under various pathological conditions such as cancer, inflammation, mechanical lesions and neurological diseases. Able to bind with high affinity synthetic and endogenous ligands, its core biochemical function resides in the translocation of cholesterol into the mitochondria influencing the subsequent steps of (neuro-)steroid synthesis and systemic endocrine regulation. Over the years, however, TSPO has also been linked to core cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy. It interacts and forms complexes with other mitochondrial proteins such as the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) via which signalling and regulatory transduction of these core cellular events may be influenced. Despite nearly 40 years of study, the precise functional role of TSPO beyond cholesterol trafficking remains elusive even though the recent breakthroughs on its high-resolution crystal structure and contribution to quality-control signalling of mitochondria. All this along with a captivating pharmacological profile provides novel opportunities to investigate and understand the significance of this highly conserved protein as well as contribute the development of specific therapeutics as presented and discussed in the present review

Racial Discrepancies in the Participation Between Alcohol Prohibition and The Drug War

Zašto su mladi Amerikanci talijanskog porijekla pucali jedni na druge za vrijeme prohibicije alkohola u 20. stoljeću, a u 21. stoljeću to isto čine mladi Afroamerikanci? Je li to samo povijesna nesreća? Je li moglo biti drugačije? Ovaj članak će se pokušati pozabaviti ovim pitanjem.Why is it that young Italian-American men were shooting each other over turf during the prohibition of alcohol in the 20th century, and young African-American men are shooting each other over turf in the 21st? Was this just a historical accident? Could it easily have been the other way around? That is the question with which the present paper attempts to wrestle