1,806 research outputs found
Critique of optical coherence tomography in epistemological metrology
This treaties aims to introduce a speculative framework to comprehend modern
metrology. In a classical sense, measurement measures physically existing
quantities, such as length, mass, and time. By contrast, modern measurement
measures a wide spectrum of objects, for example, an imaging biomarker, which
is a user-defined pattern. Artificial-intelligence (AI)-based diagnosis is
another example. If we regard an optical coherence tomography (OCT) device
equipped with diagnostic AI as a comprehensive "measurement system," the object
being measured is a "disease," which is not a physical quantity but a concept.
To comprehend the wide range of modern measurements, we introduce a
speculative, i.e., philosophical and theoretical, model called the
"epistemological-metrology model." In this model, we describe the act of
measurement as cascading encoding-and-decoding processes. In the encoding
processes, three types of objects-to-be measured are considered, which include
substance, existence, and concept. Then we classify acts of measurement into
"sensing," "understanding," and "reasoning," which measure the substance,
existence, and concept, respectively.
We note that the measurements in the understanding and reasoning classes are
constructive. Namely, they proactively define the quantity-to-be-measured by
the measurement modalities themselves. A speculative method to warrant the
relevance of such constructive measurements is presented.
We investigate several modern OCT-related measurements, including AI-based
diagnosis, types of polarization sensitive OCT, and attenuation coefficient
imaging, using our theoretical framework
Multi-contrast Jones-matrix optical coherence tomography -- the concept, principle, implementation, and applications
Jones-matrix optical coherence tomography (JM-OCT) is an extension of OCT
that provides multiple types of optical contrasts of biological and clinical
samples. JM-OCT measures the spatial distribution of the Jones matrix of the
sample and also its time sequence. All contrasts (i.e., multi-contrast OCT
images) are then computed from the Jones matrix. The contrasts obtained from
the Jones matrix include the conventional and polarization-insensitive OCT
intensity, cumulative and local phase retardation (birefringence),
degree-of-polarization uniformity quantifying the polarization randomness of
the sample, signal attenuation coefficient, sample scatterer density, Doppler
OCT, OCT angiography, and dynamic OCT. JM-OCT is a generalized version of OCT
because it measures the generalized form of the sample information; i.e., the
Jones matrix sequence. This review summarizes the basic conception,
mathematical principle, hardware implementation, signal and image processing,
and biological and clinical applications of JM-OCT. Advanced technical topics,
including JM-OCT-specific noise correction and quantity estimation and JM-OCT's
self-calibration nature, are also described
Damage Vision Mining Opportunity for Imbalanced Anomaly Detection
In past decade, previous balanced datasets have been used to advance
algorithms for classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and
anomaly detection in industrial applications. Specifically, for condition-based
maintenance, automating visual inspection is crucial to ensure high quality.
Deterioration prognostic attempts to optimize the fine decision process for
predictive maintenance and proactive repair. In civil infrastructure and living
environment, damage data mining cannot avoid the imbalanced data issue because
of rare unseen events and high quality status by improved operations. For
visual inspection, deteriorated class acquired from the surface of concrete and
steel components are occasionally imbalanced. From numerous related surveys, we
summarize that imbalanced data problems can be categorized into four types; 1)
missing range of target and label valuables, 2) majority-minority class
imbalance, 3) foreground-background of spatial imbalance, 4) long-tailed class
of pixel-wise imbalance. Since 2015, there has been many imbalanced studies
using deep learning approaches that includes regression, image classification,
object detection, semantic segmentation. However, anomaly detection for
imbalanced data is not yet well known. In the study, we highlight one-class
anomaly detection application whether anomalous class or not, and demonstrate
clear examples on imbalanced vision datasets: wooden, concrete deterioration,
and disaster damage. We provide key results on damage vision mining advantage,
hypothesizing that the more effective range of positive ratio, the higher
accuracy gain of anomaly detection application. Finally, the applicability of
the damage learning methods, limitations, and future works are mentioned.Comment: 12 pages, 14 figures, 8 table
MN-Pair Contrastive Damage Representation and Clustering for Prognostic Explanation
For infrastructure inspections, damage representation does not constantly
match the predefined classes of damage grade, resulting in detailed clusters of
unseen damages or more complex clusters from overlapped space between two
grades. The damage representation has fundamentally complex features;
consequently, not all the damage classes can be perfectly predefined. The
proposed MN-pair contrastive learning method helps to explore an embedding
damage representation beyond the predefined classes by including more detailed
clusters. It maximizes both the similarity of M-1 positive images close to an
anchor and dissimilarity of N-1 negative images using both weighting loss
functions. It learns faster than the N-pair algorithm using one positive image.
We proposed a pipeline to obtain the damage representation and used a
density-based clustering on a 2-D reduction space to automate finer cluster
discrimination. We also visualized the explanation of the damage feature using
Grad-CAM for MN-pair damage metric learning. We demonstrated our method in
three experimental studies: steel product defect, concrete crack, and the
effectiveness of our method and discuss future works.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, 3 table
River Surface Patch-wise Detector Using Mixture Augmentation for Scum-cover-index
Urban rivers provide a water environment that influences residential living.
River surface monitoring has become crucial for making decisions about where to
prioritize cleaning and when to automatically start the cleaning treatment. We
focus on the organic mud, or "scum", that accumulates on the river's surface
and contributes to the river's odor and has external economic effects on the
landscape. Because of its feature of a sparsely distributed and unstable
pattern of organic shape, automating the monitoring process has proved
difficult. We propose a patch-wise classification pipeline to detect scum
features on the river surface using mixture image augmentation to increase the
diversity between the scum floating on the river and the entangled background
on the river surface reflected by nearby structures like buildings, bridges,
poles, and barriers. Furthermore, we propose a scum-index cover on rivers to
help monitor worse grade online, collect floating scum, and decide on chemical
treatment policies. Finally, we demonstrate the application of our method on a
time series dataset with frames every ten minutes recording river scum events
over several days. We discuss the significance of our pipeline and its
experimental findings.Comment: 15 figures, 3 tabl
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