Systematic Analysis of Impact of Sampling Regions and Storage Methods on Fecal Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Profiles.

The contribution of human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and metabolites to host health has recently become much clearer. However, many confounding factors can influence the accuracy of gut microbiome and metabolome studies, resulting in inconsistencies in published results. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of fecal sampling regions and storage and retrieval conditions on gut microbiome and metabolite profiles from three healthy children. Our analysis indicated that compared to homogenized and snap-frozen samples (standard control [SC]), different sampling regions did not affect microbial community alpha diversity, while a total of 22 of 176 identified metabolites varied significantly across different sampling regions. In contrast, storage conditions significantly influenced the microbiome and metabolome. Short-term room temperature storage had a minimal effect on the microbiome and metabolome profiles. Sample storage in RNALater showed a significant level of variation in both microbiome and metabolome profiles, independent of the storage or retrieval conditions. The effect of RNALater on the metabolome was stronger than the effect on the microbiome, and individual variability between study participants outweighed the effect of RNALater on the microbiome. We conclude that homogenizing stool samples was critical for metabolomic analysis but not necessary for microbiome analysis. Short-term room temperature storage had a minimal effect on the microbiome and metabolome profiles and is recommended for short-term fecal sample storage. In addition, our study indicates that the use of RNALater as a storage medium of stool samples for microbial and metabolomic analyses is not recommended.IMPORTANCE The gastrointestinal microbiome and metabolome can provide a new angle to understand the development of health and disease. Stool samples are most frequently used for large-scale cohort studies. Standardized procedures for stool sample handling and storage can be a determining factor for performing microbiome or metabolome studies. In this study, we focused on the effects of stool sampling regions and stool sample storage conditions on variations in the gut microbiome composition and metabolome profile

Assessment of global health risk of antibiotic resistance genes

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have accelerated microbial threats to human health in the last decade. Many genes can confer resistance, but evaluating the relative health risks of ARGs is complex. Factors such as the abundance, propensity for lateral transmission and ability of ARGs to be expressed in pathogens are all important. Here, an analysis at the metagenomic level from various habitats (6 types of habitats, 4572 samples) detects 2561 ARGs that collectively conferred resistance to 24 classes of antibiotics. We quantitatively evaluate the health risk to humans, defined as the risk that ARGs will confound the clinical treatment for pathogens, of these 2561 ARGs by integrating human accessibility, mobility, pathogenicity and clinical availability. Our results demonstrate that 23.78% of the ARGs pose a health risk, especially those which confer multidrug resistance. We also calculate the antibiotic resistance risks of all samples in four main habitats, and with machine learning, successfully map the antibiotic resistance threats in global marine habitats with over 75% accuracy. Our novel method for quantitatively surveilling the health risk of ARGs will help to manage one of the most important threats to human and animal health

From a consortium sequence to a unified sequence: the Bacillus subtilis 168 reference genome a decade later

Comparative genomics is the cornerstone of identification of gene functions. The immense number of living organisms precludes experimental identification of functions except in a handful of model organisms. The bacterial domain is split into large branches, among which the Firmicutes occupy a considerable space. Bacillus subtilis has been the model of Firmicutes for decades and its genome has been a reference for more than 10 years. Sequencing the genome involved more than 30 laboratories, with different expertises, in a attempt to make the most of the experimental information that could be associated with the sequence. This had the expected drawback that the sequencing expertise was quite varied among the groups involved, especially at a time when sequencing genomes was extremely hard work. The recent development of very efficient, fast and accurate sequencing techniques, in parallel with the development of high-level annotation platforms, motivated the present resequencing work. The updated sequence has been reannotated in agreement with the UniProt protein knowledge base, keeping in perspective the split between the paleome (genes necessary for sustaining and perpetuating life) and the cenome (genes required for occupation of a niche, suggesting here that B. subtilis is an epiphyte). This should permit investigators to make reliable inferences to prepare validation experiments in a variety of domains of bacterial growth and development as well as build up accurate phylogenies

Faire des inférences sur les fonctions des gènes bactériens avec le concept de voisinage in silico

Avec l'accroissement du nombre de génomes séquencés, l'organisation de ces données brutes et des données dérivées, l'extraction de l'information et des connaissances associées défie l'imagination. La notion de voisinage a été d'abord été introduite pour l'organisation des données dans des bases de données relationnelles. Pour extraire des informations pertinentes à partir de données massives, différents types de voisinages ont été étudiés ici. Tout d'abord, avec l'analysedes correspondances (CA) et en utilisant le regroupement supervisé ("model clustering" MBC), la proximité mutuelle des éléments formant deux entités biologiques centrales, les gènes (codant les protéines) et les acides aminés a été analysée. Nous montrons par exemple que les protéines de Psychromonas ingrahamii, bactérie psychrophile extrêmes, sont regroupées en six classes, et qu'il y a une forte opposition entre le comportement de l'asparagine (N) et des acides aminés sensibles à l'oxygène, ce que nous expliquons en terms de résistance au froid. Ensuite, nous avons analysé la répartition entre les îlots génomiques (GI) et le squelette du génome de base à partir d'une nouvelle méthode combinant composition en bases et en gènes, caractéristiques GI et de briser les synténies. L'application de cette approche à E. coli et B. subtilis a révélé que cette nouvelle méthode permet d'extraire certaines régions significative, non publiées auparavant.Enfin, pour illustrer un voisinage fin, la régulation de l'expression d'un gène et son évolution, nous avons étudié la relation entre les régions en amont du gène et la zone codante du gène thrS de façon approfondie. Nous avons constaté que ces deux régions associées à un gène, se sont comportés différemment dans l'histoire évolutive. Certaines des régions en amont porteuses de la fonction non-essentielle de régulation (qui contrôle l'expression de gène) ont évoluédifféremment de la région codante.With more and more genomes being sequenced, the organization of those raw data and the derived data, the extraction of information and knowledge from these data has become a challenge. A key concept in this field is that of the neighborhood, especially with respect to the organization of data in relational databases. To extract information from bulk data, different kinds of neighborhoods were studied and each show interesting results in current study. .Firstly, through the Correspondence Analysis (CA) and later Model Based Clustering (MBC), two kinds of neighbors i.e. the genes (proteins) and amino acids were analyzed respectively, and it was found that proteins from Psychromonas ingrahamii are clustered into six classes, and there is strong opposition between asparagine (N) and the oxygen-sensitive amino acids. Secondly, the relationship between genomic islands and core genome (i.e. two closely linked neighbors withlarge range on the chromosome) was studied by a new method combining composition, GI features and synteny break. On applying to E. coli and B. subtilis it was revealed that this new method can extract some meaningful regions not published before. Thirdly, the relationship between upstream and coding regions of thrS gene (i.e. a case for two closely linked neighbors with small range on the chromosome) was studied extensively. It was found that these two regions associated to one gene, behaved differently in the evolutionary history.. Some of the upstream regions bearing non-essential function (i.e. regulation of gene expression) evolved more slowly than the coding region

Faire des inférences sur les fonctions des gènes bactériens avec le concept de voisinage in silico

Avec l'accroissement du nombre de génomes séquencés, l'organisation de ces données brutes et des données dérivées, l'extraction de l'information et des connaissances associées défie l'imagination. La notion de voisinage a été d'abord été introduite pour l'organisation des données dans des bases de données relationnelles. Pour extraire des informations pertinentes à partir de données massives, différents types de voisinages ont été étudiés ici. Tout d'abord, avec l'analysedes correspondances (CA) et en utilisant le regroupement supervisé ("model clustering" MBC), la proximité mutuelle des éléments formant deux entités biologiques centrales, les gènes (codant les protéines) et les acides aminés a été analysée. Nous montrons par exemple que les protéines de Psychromonas ingrahamii, bactérie psychrophile extrêmes, sont regroupées en six classes, et qu'il y a une forte opposition entre le comportement de l'asparagine (N) et des acides aminés sensibles à l'oxygène, ce que nous expliquons en terms de résistance au froid. Ensuite, nous avons analysé la répartition entre les îlots génomiques (GI) et le squelette du génome de base à partir d'une nouvelle méthode combinant composition en bases et en gènes, caractéristiques GI et de briser les synténies. L'application de cette approche à E. coli et B. subtilis a révélé que cette nouvelle méthode permet d'extraire certaines régions significative, non publiées auparavant.Enfin, pour illustrer un voisinage fin, la régulation de l'expression d'un gène et son évolution, nous avons étudié la relation entre les régions en amont du gène et la zone codante du gène thrS de façon approfondie. Nous avons constaté que ces deux régions associées à un gène, se sont comportés différemment dans l'histoire évolutive. Certaines des régions en amont porteuses de la fonction non-essentielle de régulation (qui contrôle l'expression de gène) ont évoluédifféremment de la région codante.With more and more genomes being sequenced, the organization of those raw data and the derived data, the extraction of information and knowledge from these data has become a challenge. A key concept in this field is that of the neighborhood, especially with respect to the organization of data in relational databases. To extract information from bulk data, different kinds of neighborhoods were studied and each show interesting results in current study. .Firstly, through the Correspondence Analysis (CA) and later Model Based Clustering (MBC), two kinds of neighbors i.e. the genes (proteins) and amino acids were analyzed respectively, and it was found that proteins from Psychromonas ingrahamii are clustered into six classes, and there is strong opposition between asparagine (N) and the oxygen-sensitive amino acids. Secondly, the relationship between genomic islands and core genome (i.e. two closely linked neighbors withlarge range on the chromosome) was studied by a new method combining composition, GI features and synteny break. On applying to E. coli and B. subtilis it was revealed that this new method can extract some meaningful regions not published before. Thirdly, the relationship between upstream and coding regions of thrS gene (i.e. a case for two closely linked neighbors with small range on the chromosome) was studied extensively. It was found that these two regions associated to one gene, behaved differently in the evolutionary history.. Some of the upstream regions bearing non-essential function (i.e. regulation of gene expression) evolved more slowly than the coding region.EVRY-Bib. électronique (912289901) / SudocSudocFranceF

CRISPR/Cas12a-Assisted Dual Visualized Detection of SARS-CoV-2 on Frozen Shrimps

Given the possibility that food contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 might become an infection source, there is an urgent need for us to develop a rapid and accurate nucleic acid detection method for SARS-CoV-2 in food to ensure food safety. Here, we propose a sensitive, specific, and reliable molecular detection method for SARS-CoV-2. It has a mechanism to control amplicon contamination. Swabs from spiked frozen shrimps were used as detection samples, which were processed by heating at 95 °C for 30 s. These preprocessed samples served as the templates for subsequent amplification. A colorimetric LAMP reaction was carried out to amplify both the SARS-CoV-2 target and the MS2 phage simultaneously in one tube. MS2 phage was detected by colorimetric LAMP as the internal control, while SARS-CoV-2 was detected with a CRISPR/Cas12a system. The fluorescence results could be visually detected with an ultraviolet lamp. Meanwhile, uracil was incorporated during the LAMP reaction to provide an amplicon contamination proof mechanism. This test could detect as low as 20 copies of SARS-CoV-2 in one reaction. Additionally, the detection could be finished in 45 min. The test only needs a heating block and an ultraviolet lamp, which shows the potential for field detection

The optimization of Regeneration tissue culture system of three chilli peppers cultivars based on the uniform design and the mathematical model equation

Using uniform random design optimization and the mathematical model equation we optimized the regeneration tissue culture system of the chilli pepper. An efficient and detailed plant reproducible protocol in vitro has been established using different explants and induction media for three chilli pepper cultivars. The result displayed that the seedlings at the curved hypocotyl stage were the best choice to prepare for explants, the genotype of explants affected shoot buds induction frequency and number of shoot buds per explant, and the cotyledon explant was more responsive than hypocotyl explant. The optimal media for maximum shoot initiation and regeneration and the optimal elongation medium were obtained. For Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Xinsu), Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Neimengchifeng) and Capsicum frutescens (cv. Xingfu), the induction rates were 99.17%, 97.50 and 96.11%, respectively; the elongation rates of shoot buds were 86.67%, 85.19% and 82.96%, respectively. The MS medium with 0.57 μM IAA and 0.69 μM NAA is the best choice for root induction. The frequency of their root emergence was 95.00–98.33%. Regenerated chilli peppers were successfully acclimatized and cultivated with 100% survival. This work will help to improve multiplication process and the genotype of chilli pepper, and may have commercial impact