Continuidad y radicalización del neoextractivismo en Argentina

El (neo)extractivismo es una categoría de gran actualidad y capacidad epxlicativa que recorre tanto las ciencias sociales críticas en América Latina como la gramática política de diferentes movimientos socioterritoriales y organizaciones indígeno-campesinas. Podemos caracterizar al mismo como un patrón de acumulación basado en la sobre-explotación de bienes naturales, cada vez más escasos, en gran parte no renovables, así como por la expansión de las fronteras de explotación de territorios antes considerados como improductivos. La intensificación de una dinámica mercantilizadora está asociada al metabolismo social, el que en el marco del capitalismo avanzado exige para su funcionamiento cada vez más materia y energía, presionando por ende sobre bienes naturales y territorios. En consecuencia, el extractivismo actual se caracteriza por la exportación de bienes primarios a gran escala, entre ellos, hidrocarburos (gas y petróleo), metales y minerales, productos ligados al nuevo paradigma agrario, entre otro. Otro rasgo inherente al neoextractivismo refiere al gigantismo o la gran escala de los emprendimientos, la cual nos advierte también sobre la envergadura de las inversiones (de carácter capital-intensivo y no trabajo-intensivos) y de los actores intervinientes ?en general, corporaciones transnacionales. Asimismo, desarrolla una dinámica territorial cuya tendencia es la ocupación intensiva del territorio y el acaparamiento de tierras, a través de formas ligadas al monocultivo o monoproducción. El avance sobre el territorio combina, en gran parte de los casos, la dinámica del enclave o de la fragmentación territorial (escasa producción de encadenamientos endógenos relevantes), con la dinámica del desplazamiento (dislocación de las economías locales tradicionales y expulsión de poblaciones).Por último, más allá de las ventajas comparativas (altos precios internacionales de los commodities), en sus diferentes formas, la dinámica extractiva inserta a los países del sur como proveedores de materias primas, reformulando una vez más las históricas asimetrías entre el centro y la periferia, en el marco de la división internacional del trabajo, tal como aparece reflejado en la distribución desigual de los conflictos socioambientales y en la reprimarización de las economías.Así definido, el neoextractivismo abarca algo más que aquellas actividades consideradas tradicionalmente como extractivas. Ademas de la megaminería a cielo abierto, incluye la expansión de la frontera petrolera y energética (a través de la explotación de gas y petróleo no convencional, con la tan cuestionada metodología de la fractura hidráulica o fracking), la construcción de grandes represas hidroeléctricas (en general, al servicio de la actividad extractiva), la expansión de la frontera agrícola y la generalización del modelo de agronegocio, la expansión de la frontera pesquera (ligados a la sobreexplotación y sobrepesca) y forestal. En América Latina, la expansión del neoextractivismo se insertó en un contexto de cambio de época, marcado por el pasaje a un escenario político-económico en el cual una de las notas mayores es el Consenso de los Commodities, que comparten los diferentes gobiernos, independientemente de su orientación ideológica. Ciertamente, a diferencia de los años ´90, a partir del año 2000-2003, las economías latinoamericanas se vieron favorecidas por los altos precios internacionales de los productos primarios (commodities), lo cual se vio reflejado en las balanzas comerciales y el superávit fiscal. En esta coyuntura de rentabilidad extraordinaria (al menos, hasta 2013), los gobiernos latinoamericanos tendieron a subrayar las ventajas comparativas del boom de los commodities, negando o minimizando las nuevas desigualdades y la explosión de conflictos socioambientales y territoriales inherentes a la inflexión extractivista.Fil: Svampa, Maristella Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Viale Trazar, Enrique. No especifíca

Proposal to improve after-sales processes by applying Lean concepts to increase profitability, PERUMOTOR Case

La presente tesis se genera para revisar y resolver los procesos de la empresa peruana PERUMOTOR en el área de atención y servicios postventa. Se revisó las diferentes metodologías relacionadas con la mejora y agilización de procesos, utilizando finalmente como punto de partida y eje central de este documento, aunque no exclusivamente, la metodología Lean, siendo esta metodología aquella que ha sido aprobada previamente en el sector automotriz y que tiene y ha presentado los mejores resultados para la mejora de los procesos. En la aplicación de las mejores prácticas de la metodología encontrada a los procesos de la empresa señalada, se pudo proyectar mejoras cuantitativas y cualitativas de cara a la empresa y también frente al cliente.This thesis is generated to review and resolve the processes of the Peruvian company PERUMOTOR in the area of after-sales care and services. Different methodologies related to the improvement and streamlining of processes were reviewed, finally using as a starting point and central axis of this document, although not exclusively, the Lean methodology, this methodology being the one that has been previously approved in the automotive sector and that has and has presented the best results for process improvement. In the application of the best practices of the found methodology to the processes of the indicated company, it was possible to project quantitative and qualitative improvements for the company and also for the client.Trabajo de investigació

Pitfalls in assessing stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) in breast cancer

Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are important prognostic and predictive biomarkers in triple-negative (TNBC) and HER2-positive breast cancer. Incorporating sTILs into clinical practice necessitates reproducible assessment. Previously developed standardized scoring guidelines have been widely embraced by the clinical and research communities. We evaluated sources of variability in sTIL assessment by pathologists in three previous sTIL ring studies. We identify common challenges and evaluate impact of discrepancies on outcome estimates in early TNBC using a newly-developed prognostic tool. Discordant sTIL assessment is driven by heterogeneity in lymphocyte distribution. Additional factors include: technical slide-related issues; scoring outside the tumor boundary; tumors with minimal assessable stroma; including lymphocytes associated with other structures; and including other inflammatory cells. Small variations in sTIL assessment modestly alter risk estimation in early TNBC but have the potential to affect treatment selection if cutpoints are employed. Scoring and averaging multiple areas, as well as use of reference images, improve consistency of sTIL evaluation. Moreover, to assist in avoiding the pitfalls identified in this analysis, we developed an educational resource available at www.tilsinbreastcancer.org/pitfalls.Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are important prognostic and predictive biomarkers in triple-negative (TNBC) and HER2-positive breast cancer. Incorporating sTILs into clinical practice necessitates reproducible assessment. Previously developed standardized scoring guidelines have been widely embraced by the clinical and research communities. We evaluated sources of variability in sTIL assessment by pathologists in three previous sTIL ring studies. We identify common challenges and evaluate impact of discrepancies on outcome estimates in early TNBC using a newly-developed prognostic tool. Discordant sTIL assessment is driven by heterogeneity in lymphocyte distribution. Additional factors include: technical slide-related issues; scoring outside the tumor boundary; tumors with minimal assessable stroma; including lymphocytes associated with other structures; and including other inflammatory cells. Small variations in sTIL assessment modestly alter risk estimation in early TNBC but have the potential to affect treatment selection if cutpoints are employed. Scoring and averaging multiple areas, as well as use of reference images, improve consistency of sTIL evaluation. Moreover, to assist in avoiding the pitfalls identified in this analysis, we developed an educational resource available at www.tilsinbreastcancer.org/pitfalls.Peer reviewe

El futuro después del COVID-19

El libro reúne ensayos de 27 autoras y autores en el contexto del inicio de la pandemia del Covid-19. Plantea diagnósticos, analiza dimensiones sociales, políticas y culturales. Y ofrece un panorama plural del debate en un momento de emergencia.Fil: Follari, Roberto Agustin. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; ArgentinaFil: Canelo, Paula Vera. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Saavedra 15. Centro de Innovación de los Trabajadores. Universidad Metropolitana para la Educación y el Trabajo. Centro de Innovación de los Trabajadores; ArgentinaFil: Sztulwark, Diego. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Palermo, Vicente Antonio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: González, Horacio. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Tokatlian, Juan Gabriel. Universidad de San Andrés; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia. Universidad de los Andes; ColombiaFil: Forster, Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Fidanza, Eduardo. Academia Nacional de Periodismo; ArgentinaFil: Boron, Atilio Alberto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Estudios de América Latina y el Caribe; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Avellaneda; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Segato, Rita Laura. Unesco; Argentina. Universidad de Brasilia; BrasilFil: Rebón, Julián. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Centro de Estudios Avanzados; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones "Gino Germani"; Argentina. Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales; ArgentinaFil: Svampa, Maristella Noemi. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Viale, Enrique. Asociación Argentina de Abogados Ambientalistas; ArgentinaFil: Carreiras, Helena. Instituto Universitario de Lisboa; Portugal. Instituto de Defensa Nacional de Portugal; PortugalFil: Malamud, Andrés. University of Maryland; Estados Unidos. Max-planck-institut Für Europäische Rechtsgeschichte.; AlemaniaFil: Sarlo Sabajanes, Beatriz Ercilia. Columbia University; Estados Unidos. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Barrancos, Dora Beatriz. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios de Género; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Waisbord, Silvio Ricardo. The George Washington University; Estados Unidos. University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Casullo, María Esperanza. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro; Argentina. University of Richmond; Estados Unidos. University Brown; Estados UnidosFil: Mignolo, Walter. University of Duke; Estados UnidosFil: Valdettaro, Sandra Catalina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Humanidades y Artes. Centro de Estudios Culturales Urbanos; ArgentinaFil: Alarcon, Cristian Francisco. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; ArgentinaFil: López, María Pia Luján. No especifíca;Fil: Moreno, María. No especifíca;Fil: Maffía, Diana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; ArgentinaFil: Giunta, Andrea Graciela. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Teoría e Historia del Arte "Julio E. Payró"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cabezón Cámara, Gabriela. University of California at Berkeley; Estados Unidos. Universidad Nacional de las Artes; ArgentinaFil: Grimson, Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Instituto de Altos Estudios Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Pitfalls in machine learning‐based assessment of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer: a report of the international immuno‐oncology biomarker working group

The clinical significance of the tumor-immune interaction in breast cancer (BC) has been well established, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as a predictive and prognostic biomarker for patients with triple-negative (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 negative) breast cancer (TNBC) and HER2-positive breast cancer. How computational assessment of TILs can complement manual TIL-assessment in trial- and daily practices is currently debated and still unclear. Recent efforts to use machine learning (ML) for the automated evaluation of TILs show promising results. We review state-of-the-art approaches and identify pitfalls and challenges by studying the root cause of ML discordances in comparison to manual TILs quantification. We categorize our findings into four main topics; (i) technical slide issues, (ii) ML and image analysis aspects, (iii) data challenges, and (iv) validation issues. The main reason for discordant assessments is the inclusion of false-positive areas or cells identified by performance on certain tissue patterns, or design choices in the computational implementation. To aid the adoption of ML in TILs assessment, we provide an in-depth discussion of ML and image analysis including validation issues that need to be considered before reliable computational reporting of TILs can be incorporated into the trial- and routine clinical management of patients with TNBC

Joint Observation of the Galactic Center with MAGIC and CTA-LST-1

MAGIC is a system of two Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACTs), designed to detect very-high-energy gamma rays, and is operating in stereoscopic mode since 2009 at the Observatorio del Roque de Los Muchachos in La Palma, Spain. In 2018, the prototype IACT of the Large-Sized Telescope (LST-1) for the Cherenkov Telescope Array, a next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory, was inaugurated at the same site, at a distance of approximately 100 meters from the MAGIC telescopes. Using joint observations between MAGIC and LST-1, we developed a dedicated analysis pipeline and established the threefold telescope system via software, achieving the highest sensitivity in the northern hemisphere. Based on this enhanced performance, MAGIC and LST-1 have been jointly and regularly observing the Galactic Center, a region of paramount importance and complexity for IACTs. In particular, the gamma-ray emission from the dynamical center of the Milky Way is under debate. Although previous measurements suggested that a supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* plays a primary role, its radiation mechanism remains unclear, mainly due to limited angular resolution and sensitivity. The enhanced sensitivity in our novel approach is thus expected to provide new insights into the question. We here present the current status of the data analysis for the Galactic Center joint MAGIC and LST-1 observations

Image-based multiplex immune profiling of cancer tissues : translational implications. A report of the International Immuno-oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer

Recent advances in the field of immuno-oncology have brought transformative changes in the management of cancer patients. The immune profile of tumours has been found to have key value in predicting disease prognosis and treatment response in various cancers. Multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence have emerged as potent tools for the simultaneous detection of multiple protein biomarkers in a single tissue section, thereby expanding opportunities for molecular and immune profiling while preserving tissue samples. By establishing the phenotype of individual tumour cells when distributed within a mixed cell population, the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers with high-throughput multiplex immunophenotyping of tumour samples has great potential to guide appropriate treatment choices. Moreover, the emergence of novel multi-marker imaging approaches can now provide unprecedented insights into the tumour microenvironment, including the potential interplay between various cell types. However, there are significant challenges to widespread integration of these technologies in daily research and clinical practice. This review addresses the challenges and potential solutions within a structured framework of action from a regulatory and clinical trial perspective. New developments within the field of immunophenotyping using multiplexed tissue imaging platforms and associated digital pathology are also described, with a specific focus on translational implications across different subtypes of cancer.Gilead Breast Cancer Research Grant; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Susan G Komen Leadership; Interne Fondsen KU Leuven/Internal Funds KU Leuven; Swedish Society for Medical Research; Swedish Breast Cancer Association; Cancer Research Program; US Department of Defense; Mayo Clinic Breast Cancer; Marie Sklodowska Curie; NHMRC; National Institutes of Health; Cancer Research UK; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Horizon 2020 European Union Research and Innovation Programme National Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; VA Merit Review Award; US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research Breast Cancer Research Program; Prostate Cancer Research Program; Lung Cancer Research Program; Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) Glue Grant; EPSRC; Melbourne Research Scholarship; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; KWF Kankerbestrijding; Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport the Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Agence Nationale de la Recherche; Q-Life; National Breast Cancer Foundation of Australia; National Health and Medical Council of Australia; All-Island Cancer Research Institute; Irish Cancer Society; Science Foundation Ireland Investigator Programme; Science Foundation Ireland Strategic Partnership Programme. Open access funding provided by IReL.https://pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10969896hj2024ImmunologySDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Spatial analyses of immune cell infiltration in cancer : current methods and future directions. A report of the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer

Modern histologic imaging platforms coupled with machine learning methods have provided new opportunities to map the spatial distribution of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, there exists no standardized method for describing or analyzing spatial immune cell data, and most reported spatial analyses are rudimentary. In this review, we provide an overview of two approaches for reporting and analyzing spatial data (raster versus vector-based). We then provide a compendium of spatial immune cell metrics that have been reported in the literature, summarizing prognostic associations in the context of a variety of cancers. We conclude by discussing two well-described clinical biomarkers, the breast cancer stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes score and the colon cancer Immunoscore, and describe investigative opportunities to improve clinical utility of these spatial biomarkers. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.http://www.thejournalofpathology.com/hj2024ImmunologySDG-03:Good heatlh and well-bein

Image-based multiplex immune profiling of cancer tissues: translational implications. A report of the International Immuno-oncology Biomarker Working Group on Breast Cancer

Recent advances in the field of immuno-oncology have brought transformative changes in the management of cancer patients. The immune profile of tumours has been found to have key value in predicting disease prognosis and treatment response in various cancers. Multiplex immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence have emerged as potent tools for the simultaneous detection of multiple protein biomarkers in a single tissue section, thereby expanding opportunities for molecular and immune profiling while preserving tissue samples. By establishing the phenotype of individual tumour cells when distributed within a mixed cell population, the identification of clinically relevant biomarkers with high-throughput multiplex immunophenotyping of tumour samples has great potential to guide appropriate treatment choices. Moreover, the emergence of novel multi-marker imaging approaches can now provide unprecedented insights into the tumour microenvironment, including the potential interplay between various cell types. However, there are significant challenges to widespread integration of these technologies in daily research and clinical practice. This review addresses the challenges and potential solutions within a structured framework of action from a regulatory and clinical trial perspective. New developments within the field of immunophenotyping using multiplexed tissue imaging platforms and associated digital pathology are also described, with a specific focus on translational implications across different subtypes of cancer