Tropheryma whipplei in Fecal Samples from Children, Senegal

We tested fecal samples from 150 healthy children 2–10 years of age who lived in rural Senegal and found the prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei was 44%. Unique genotypes were associated with this bacterium. Our findings suggest that T. whipplei is emerging as a highly prevalent pathogen in sub-Saharan Africa

Putative role of arthropod vectors in African swine fever virus transmission in relation to their bio-ecological properties

African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most important diseases in Suidae due to its significant health and socioeconomic consequences and represents a major threat to the European pig industry, especially in the absence of any available treatment or vaccine. In fact, with its high mortality rate and the subsequent trade restrictions imposed on affected countries, ASF can dramatically disrupt the pig industry in afflicted countries. In September 2018, ASF was unexpectedly identified in wild boars from southern Belgium in the province of Luxembourg, not far from the Franco-Belgian border. The French authorities rapidly commissioned an expert opinion on the risk of ASF introduction and dissemination into metropolitan France. In Europe, the main transmission routes of the virus comprise direct contact between infected and susceptible animals and indirect transmission through contaminated material or feed. However, the seasonality of the disease in some pig farms in Baltic countries, including outbreaks in farms with high biosecurity levels, have led to questions on the possible involvement of arthropods in the transmission of the virus. This review explores the current body of knowledge on the most common arthropod families present in metropolitan France. We examine their potential role in spreading ASF—by active biological or mechanical transmission or by passive transport or ingestion—in relation to their bio-ecological properties. It also highlights the existence of significant gaps in our knowledge on vector ecology in domestic and wild boar environments and in vector competence for ASFV transmission. Filling these gaps is essential to further understanding ASF transmission in order to thus implement appropriate management measures

Coxiella burnetii in Humans and Ticks in Rural Senegal

Q fever is a zoonotic disease known since 1937. The disease may be severe, causing pneumonia, hepatitis and endocarditis. Q fever agent has been described as a possible biological weapon. Animals—especially domestic cows, goats and sheep—are considered reservoirs for this infection. They are capable of sustaining the infection for long periods and excreting viable bacteria, infecting other animals and, occasionally, humans. Here we studied the distribution of Q fever in a poorly studied region, Senegal. We studied the agent of Q fever both in ticks parasitizing domestic animals and in humans (antibodies in serum, bacteria in feces, saliva and milk). We found from the studied regions the bacterium is highly prevalent in rural Senegal. Up to 37.6% of five different and most prevalent tick species may carry the bacterium. Humans living in such areas, as other mammals, may occasionally excrete Q fever agent through feces and milk

Genomic Species Are Ecological Species as Revealed by Comparative Genomics in Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The definition of bacterial species is based on genomic similarities, giving rise to the operational concept of genomic species, but the reasons of the occurrence of differentiated genomic species remain largely unknown. We used the Agrobacterium tumefaciens species complex and particularly the genomic species presently called genomovar G8, which includes the sequenced strain C58, to test the hypothesis of genomic species having specific ecological adaptations possibly involved in the speciation process. We analyzed the gene repertoire specific to G8 to identify potential adaptive genes. By hybridizing 25 strains of A. tumefaciens on DNA microarrays spanning the C58 genome, we highlighted the presence and absence of genes homologous to C58 in the taxon. We found 196 genes specific to genomovar G8 that were mostly clustered into seven genomic islands on the C58 genome—one on the circular chromosome and six on the linear chromosome—suggesting higher plasticity and a major adaptive role of the latter. Clusters encoded putative functional units, four of which had been verified experimentally. The combination of G8-specific functions defines a hypothetical species primary niche for G8 related to commensal interaction with a host plant. This supports that the G8 ancestor was able to exploit a new ecological niche, maybe initiating ecological isolation and thus speciation. Searching genomic data for synapomorphic traits is a powerful way to describe bacterial species. This procedure allowed us to find such phenotypic traits specific to genomovar G8 and thus propose a Latin binomial, Agrobacterium fabrum, for this bona fide genomic species

Specific In Vivo Staining of Astrocytes in the Whole Brain after Intravenous Injection of Sulforhodamine Dyes

Fluorescent staining of astrocytes without damaging or interfering with normal brain functions is essential for intravital microscopy studies. Current methods involved either transgenic mice or local intracerebral injection of sulforhodamine 101. Transgenic rat models rarely exist, and in mice, a backcross with GFAP transgenic mice may be difficult. Local injections of fluorescent dyes are invasive. Here, we propose a non-invasive, specific and ubiquitous method to stain astrocytes in vivo. This method is based on iv injection of sulforhodamine dyes and is applicable on rats and mice from postnatal age to adulthood. The astrocytes staining obtained after iv injection was maintained for nearly half a day and showed no adverse reaction on astrocytic calcium signals or electroencephalographic recordings in vivo. The high contrast of the staining facilitates the image processing and allows to quantify 3D morphological parameters of the astrocytes and to characterize their network. Our method may become a reference for in vivo staining of the whole astrocytes population in animal models of neurological disorders

Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic to Terrestrial Environments

Fossil records indicate that life appeared in marine environments ∼3.5 billion years ago (Gyr) and transitioned to terrestrial ecosystems nearly 2.5 Gyr. Sequence analysis suggests that “hydrobacteria” and “terrabacteria” might have diverged as early as 3 Gyr. Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are associated with roots of terrestrial plants; however, virtually all their close relatives are aquatic. We obtained genome sequences of two Azospirillum species and analyzed their gene origins. While most Azospirillum house-keeping genes have orthologs in its close aquatic relatives, this lineage has obtained nearly half of its genome from terrestrial organisms. The majority of genes encoding functions critical for association with plants are among horizontally transferred genes. Our results show that transition of some aquatic bacteria to terrestrial habitats occurred much later than the suggested initial divergence of hydro- and terrabacterial clades. The birth of the genus Azospirillum approximately coincided with the emergence of vascular plants on land

Figures and destinies of psychic erasure : process and topics of psychic erasure

Ce travail de thèse propose une réflexion sur l’effacement psychique qui conduit à aborder cet état de retrait, décrit par de nombreux auteurs dans la clinique de l’autisme ou de la psychose, comme le résultat d’un processus d’effacement psychique, décelable au-delà des cliniques sus-nommées, dans celles relevant des souffrances narcissiques-identitaires.Ce processus organisé selon trois temps, articule le temps du traumatisme du a des expériences archaïques ayant soumis le sujet à des vécus catastrophiques d’effacement psychique, le temps de la défense qui s’installe paradoxalement comme une réutilisation de l’effacement psychique pour survivre à ces vécus et à leur retour dans l’actuel sous l’effet de leur réactualisation sous forme hallucinatoire dans l’actuel du sujet et de la création d’un espace psychique d’effacement témoignant d’une organisation du moi consécutive à ces deux premiers temps. Ce processus organisant le moi va témoigner d’une topique de l’effacement psychique, dans laquelle l’effacement, témoin des modalités la rencontre archaïque traumatique entre le sujet et son objet primaire, qui va devenir une modélisation du rapport du sujet à lui-même, à son environnement, à l’autre, un lieu de rencontre et d’attente qu’advienne ce qui n’a pas eu lieu pour le sujet, afin que celui-ci puisse réintégrer les pans perdus de sa subjectivité sous l’effet de l’effacement. En cela ce travail propose d’élever l’effacement psychique au rang de concept psychanalytique.This thesis work proposes a reflection on psychic erasure which leads to the approach of this state of withdrawal, described by many authors in the clinic of autism or psychosis, as the result of a process of psychic erasure, detectable beyond the above-mentioned clinics, in those dealing with narcissistic-identity suffering.This process, organised in three stages, articulates the time of trauma due to archaic experiences that have subjected the subject to catastrophic experiences of psychic erasure, the time of the defense which settles paradoxically as a reuse of the psychological erasure to survive these lived experiences and their return in the present under the effect of their re-actualization in hallucinatory form in the present of the subject and the creation of a psychological space of erasure testifying to an organization of the self consecutive to these first two times. This process organising the self will testify to a topicality of the psychic erasure, in which the erasure, witnessing the modalities of the archaic traumatic encounter between the subject and his primary object, will become a model of the subject's relationship to himself, to his environment, to the other, a place of encounter and of waiting for what has not happened for the subject, so that he can reintegrate the lost parts of his subjectivity under the effect of the erasure. In this respect, this work proposes to raise psychic erasure to the rank of a psychoanalytical concept

Impact du stage en maisons de santé pluri professionnelles chez les internes en médecine générale de Bourgogne

Les MSP se développent en Bourgogne, permettant un exercice regroupé et facilitant les coopérations professionnelles. Elles espèrent offrir un cadre d exercice adapté aux attentes de jeunes médecins pour maintenir une offre de soins adaptée aux besoins de la population. Objectif : déterminer si le stage en MSP des internes bourguignons en médecine générale leur permet de connaitre les spécificités de cet exercice et s il modifie leur projet professionnel. Méthode : Etude descriptive transversale réalisée en avril 2013 interrogeant par un questionnaire l ensemble des internes ayant réalisé un stage en MSP (praticien ou SASPAS), entre mai 2011 et avril 2013, en Bourgogne, à propos de leurs connaissances sur les MSP et de leur projet professionnel. Résultats : La population comptait 45 internes. Parmi les 40 stages étudiés, 70 % étaient des stages chez le praticien, réalisés en zone rurale. Le stage permet de découvrir l exercice coordonné et protocolé autour d un projet de santé. La pluri professionalité, le travail collectif et l amélioration de la qualité des soins sont les éléments emblématiques du travail en MSP pour les internes. 60 % envisageraient de s installer en MSP et 20 % ont modifié leur projet d installation après le stage. L organisation en groupe, la possibilité d échanges interprofessionnels et l amélioration de la pratique les attirent même s ils craignent les charges financière de ces structures. Conclusion : Notre étude montre l impact positif d un stage en MSP qui permet de connaitre l exercice coordonné et pluridisciplinaire en soins primaires. Notre étude montre l'intérêt des internes pour cet exercice qui répond à leurs attentes pour l installation. Les MSP apparaissent comme des lieux privilégiés de formation en médecine générale.DIJON-BU Médecine Pharmacie (212312103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Epargne morphinique et tolérance du néfopam versus paracétamol dans les laparotomies en chirurgie gynécologique

Objectifs : Comparer l'efficacité analgésique et la tolérance du néfopam par rapport au paracétamol, tous deux administrés par voie injectable au décours de laparotomies en chirurgie gynécologique. Tvpe d'étude : Etude prospective, monocentrique, randomisée, en simple aveugle. Méthodes : Après accord du Comité de Protection des Personnes Est III et obtention de leur consentement éclairé, 120 patientes, ASA 1 à 3 étaient opérées d'une chirurgie gynécologique programmée par laparotomie. Un premier groupe recevait 20 mg de néfopam administré sur 30 min toutes les 4 heures (Groupe néfopam), le second recevait du paracétamol injectable à la dose de 1 g sur 15 min toutes les 6 heures (Groupe paracétamol). L'analgésie était complétée par de la morphine en administration contrôlée par la patiente (ACP). Le critère principal d'évaluation était la consommation cumulée de morphine à la 24ème heure dans chaque groupe. La dose de morphine titrée en SSPI, les scores de douleur (EVA) au repos, à la toux ainsi que les effets secondaires des premières 24 heures étaient collectés toutes 4 les heures. Résultats : La dose de morphine titrée en SSPI, les scores de douleur et l'incidence des effets secondaires, notamment les nausées et vomissements n'étaient pas significativement différents entre les deux groupes. En revanche, les demandes de bolus et la consommation de morphine cumulée étaient significativement moins importantes dans le groupe néfopam par rapport au groupe paracétamol (p < 0,05). Conclusion : Le néfopam permet une épargne morphinique en post opératoire d'une laparotomie gynécologique par rapport au paracétamol. Il possède également une excellente tolérance clinique sans majoration des effets secondaires. Son utilisation dans le cadre· de l'analgésie multimodale est donc justifiée dans ce type de chirurgie.NANCY1-SCD Medecine (545472101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Plasmid‐chromosome cross‐talks

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