383 research outputs found
Praktijktoetsing en bedrijfseconomische impact van de recente wetswijziging met betrekking tot ladingzekering
Modelling high redshift Lyman α emitters
We present a new model for high redshift Lyman α emitters (LAEs) in the cosmological context which takes into account the resonant scattering of Lyα photons through expanding gas. The GALICS semi-analytic model provides us with the physical properties of a large sample of high redshift galaxies. We implement, in post-processing, a gas outflow model for each galaxy based on simple scaling arguments. The coupling with a library of numerical experiments of Lyα transfer through expanding (or static) dusty shells of gas allows us to derive the Lyα escape fraction and profile of each galaxy. Results obtained with this new approach are compared with simpler models often used in the literature. The predicted distribution of Lyα photons escape fraction shows that galaxies with a low star formation rate (SFR) have a fesc of the order of unity, suggesting that, for those objects, Lyα may be used to trace the SFR assuming a given conversion law. In galaxies forming stars intensely, the escape fraction spans the whole range from 0 to 1. The model is able to get a good match to the ultraviolet (UV) and Lyα luminosity function data at 3 < z < 5. We find that we are in good agreement with both the bright Lyα data and the faint LAE population observed by Rauch et al. at z= 3 whereas a simpler constant Lyαescape fraction model fails to do so. Most of the Lyα profiles of our LAEs are redshifted by the diffusion in the expanding gas which suppresses intergalactic medium absorption and scattering. The bulk of the observed Lyα equivalent width (EW) distribution is recovered by our model, but we fail to obtain the very large values sometimes detected. Our predictions for stellar masses and UV luminosity functions of LAEs show a satisfactory agreement with observational estimates. The UV-brightest galaxies are found to show only low Lyα EWs in our model, as it is reported by many observations of high redshift LAEs. We interpret this effect as the joint consequence of old stellar populations hosted by UV-bright galaxies, and high H i column densities that we predict for these objects, which quench preferentially resonant Lyα photons via dust extinctio
The UV, Lyman α, and dark matter halo properties of high-redshift galaxies
We explore the properties of high-redshift Lyman alpha emitters (LAEs), and their link with the Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) population, using a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation that takes into account resonant scattering of Lyα photons in gas outflows. We can reasonably reproduce the abundances of LAEs and LBGs from z≈3 to 7, as well as most UV luminosity functions (LFs) of LAEs. The stronger dust attenuation for (resonant) Lyα photons compared to UV continuum photons in bright LBGs provides a natural interpretation to the increase of the LAE fraction in LBG samples, XLAE, towards fainter magnitudes. The redshift evolution of XLAE seems however very sensitive to UV magnitudes limits and equivalent width (EW) cuts. In spite of the apparent good match between the statistical properties predicted by the model and the observations, we find that the tail of the Lyα EW distribution (EW≳100 Å) cannot be explained by our model, and we need to invoke additional mechanisms. We find that LAEs and LBGs span a very similar dynamical range, but bright LAEs are ∼4times rarer than LBGs in massive haloes. Moreover, massive haloes mainly contain weak LAEs in our model, which might introduce a bias towards low-mass haloes in surveys which select sources with high-EW cuts. Overall, our results are consistent with the idea that LAEs and LBGs make a very similar galaxy population. Their apparent differences seem mainly due to EW selections, UV detection limits, and a decreasing Lyα to UV escape fraction ratio in high star formation rate galaxie
Modelling high redshift Lyman-alpha Emitters
We present a new model for high redshift Lyman-Alpha Emitters (LAEs) in the
cosmological context which takes into account the resonant scattering of Ly-a
photons through expanding gas. The GALICS semi-analytic model provides us with
the physical properties of a large sample of high redshift galaxies. We
implement a gas outflow model for each galaxy based on simple scaling
arguments. The coupling with a library of numerical experiments of Ly-a
transfer through expanding or static dusty shells of gas allows us to derive
the Ly-a escape fractions and profiles. The predicted distribution of Ly-a
photons escape fraction shows that galaxies with a low star formation rate have
a f_esc of the order of unity, suggesting that, for those objects, Ly-a may be
used to trace the star formation rate assuming a given conversion law. In
galaxies forming stars intensely, the escape fraction spans the whole range
from 0 to 1. The model is able to get a good match to the UV and Ly-a
luminosity function (LF) data at 3 < z < 5. We find that we are in good
agreement with both the bright Ly-a data and the faint population observed by
Rauch et al. (2008) at z=3. Most of the Ly-a profiles of our LAEs are
redshifted by the diffusion in the outflow which suppresses IGM absorption. The
bulk of the observed Ly-a equivalent width (EW) distribution is recovered by
our model, but we fail to obtain the very large values sometimes detected.
Predictions for stellar masses and UV LFs of LAEs show a satisfactory agreement
with observational estimates. The UV-brightest galaxies are found to show only
low Ly-a EWs in our model, as it is reported by many observations of high
redshift LAEs. We interpret this effect as the joint consequence of old stellar
populations hosted by UV-bright galaxies, and high HI column densities that we
predict for these objects, which quench preferentially resonant Ly-a photons
via dust extinction.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
CRASH2: colored packets and other updates
In this paper we report on the improvements implemented in the cosmological
radiative transfer code CRASH. In particular we present a new multi-frequency
algorithm for spectra sampling which makes use of colored photon packets: we
discuss the need for the multi-frequency approach, describe its implementation
and present the improved CRASH performance in reproducing the effects of
ionizing radiation with an arbitrary spectrum. We further discuss minor changes
in the code implementation which allow for more efficient performance and an
increased precision.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
The use of fluorescent probes to characterize conformational changes in the interaction between vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase, is known to convert readily to a latent form by insertion of the reactive center loop into a central β- sheet. Interaction with vitronectin stabilizes PAI-1 and decreases the rate of conversion to the latent form, but conformational effects of vitronectin on the reactive center loop of PAI-1 have not been documented. Mutant forms of PAI-1 were designed with a cysteine substitution at either position P1\u27 or P9 of the reactive center loop. Labeling of the unique cysteine with a sulfhydryl-reactive fluorophore provides a probe that is sensitive to vitronectin binding. Results indicate that the scissile P1-P1\u27 bond of PAI-1 is more solvent exposed upon interaction with vitronectin, whereas the N- terminal portion of the reactive loop does not experience a significant change in its environment. These results were complemented by labeling vitronectin with an arginine-specific coumarin probe which compromises heparin binding but does not interfere with PAI-1 binding to the protein. Dissociation constants of approximately 100 nM are calculated for the vitronectin/PAI-1 interaction from titrations using both fluorescent probes. Furthermore, experiments in which PAI-1 failed to compete with heparin for binding to vitronectin argue for separate binding sites for the two ligands on vitronectin
An extreme [OIII] emitter at : a low metallicity Lyman continuum source
[Abridged] We investigate the physical properties of a Lyman continuum
emitter candidate at with photometric coverage from to MIPS
24m band and VIMOS/VLT and MOSFIRE/Keck spectroscopy. Investigation of the
UV spectrum confirms a direct spectroscopic detection of the Lyman continuum
emission with . Non-zero Ly flux at the systemic redshift and
high Lyman- escape fraction suggest a low HI column density. The weak C
and Si low-ionization absorption lines are also consistent with a low covering
fraction along the line of sight. The
[OIII] equivalent width is one of the
largest reported for a galaxy at
(, rest-frame) and the NIR spectrum shows that this is mainly due to an
extremely strong [OIII] emission. The large observed [OIII]/[OII] ratio ()
and high ionization parameter are consistent with prediction from
photoionization models in case of a density-bounded nebula scenario.
Furthermore, the
is
comparable to recent measurements reported at , in the reionization
epoch. We also investigate the possibility of an AGN contribution to explain
the ionizing emission but most of the AGN identification diagnostics suggest
that stellar emission dominates instead. This source is currently the first
high- example of a Lyman continuum emitter exhibiting indirect and direct
evidences of a Lyman continuum leakage and having physical properties
consistent with theoretical expectation from Lyman continuum emission from a
density-bounded nebula.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in A&A. Minor
modifications, Figure 2 updated, Figure 9 adde
The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey X. Ly Equivalent Widths at
We present rest-frame Ly equivalent widths (EW) of 417 Ly
emitters (LAEs) detected with Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the
Very Large Telescope (VLT) at in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
Based on the deep MUSE spectroscopy and ancillary Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
photometry data, we carefully measured EW values taking into account extended
Ly emission and UV continuum slopes (). Our LAEs reach
unprecedented depths, both in Ly luminosities and UV absolute
magnitudes, from log(/erg s) 41.0 to 43.0 and
from Muv -16 to -21 (0.01-1.0 ). The EW values span the
range of 5 to 240 \AA\ or larger, and their distribution can be well
fitted by an exponential law exp(EW/). Owing to
the high dynamic range in Muv, we find that the scale factor, ,
depends on Muv in the sense that including fainter Muv objects increases
, i.e., the Ando effect. The results indicate that selection
functions affect the EW scale factor. Taking these effects into account, we
find that our values are consistent with those in the literature
within uncertainties at at a given threshold of Muv
and . Interestingly, we find 12 objects with EW \AA\
above uncertainties. Two of these 12 LAEs show signatures of merger
or AGN activity: the weak CIV emission line. For the remaining
10 very large EW LAEs, we find that the EW values can be reproduced by young
stellar ages ( Myr) and low metallicities ( ). Otherwise, at least part of the Ly emission in these LAEs
needs to arise from anisotropic radiative transfer effects, fluorescence by
hidden AGN or quasi-stellar object activity, or gravitational cooling.Comment: 22 pages, 12 figures, 9 tables, accepted for publication in A&A (MUSE
UDF Series Paper X
Non-Gravitational Contributions to the Clustering of Ly-alpha Selected Galaxies: Implications for Cosmological Surveys
We show that the dependence of Ly-alpha absorption on environment leads to
significant non-gravitational features in the redshift space power-spectrum of
Ly-alpha selected galaxies. We derive a physically motivated fitting formula
that can be included in clustering analyses, and use this to discuss the
predicted features in the Ly-alpha galaxy power-spectrum based on detailed
models in which Ly-alpha absorption is influenced by gas infall and/or by
strong galactic outflows. We show that power-spectrum measurements could be
used to study the astrophysics of the galaxy-IGM connection, and to measure the
properties of outflows from star-forming galaxies. Applying the modified
redshift space power-spectrum to a Ly-alpha survey with parameters
corresponding to the planned Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment
(HETDEX), we find that the dependence of observed Ly-alpha flux on velocity
gradient and ionising background may compromise the ability of Ly-alpha
selected galaxy redshift surveys to constrain cosmology using information from
the full power-spectrum. This is because the effects of fluctuating ionizing
background and velocity gradients effect the shape of the observed
power-spectrum in ways that are similar to the shape of the primordial
power-spectrum and redshift space distortions respectively. We use the
Alcock-Paczynski test to show that without prior knowledge of the details of
Ly-alpha absorption in the IGM, the precision of line-of-sight and transverse
distance measurements for HETDEX will be ~1.3-1.7%, decreased by a factor of
~1.5-2 relative to the best case precision of ~0.8% available in a traditional
galaxy redshift survey. We specify the precision with which modelling of
Ly-alpha radiative transfer must be understood in order for HETDEX to achieve
distance measurements that are better than 1%.Comment: 24 pages, 13 figures. Submitted to MNRA
Galaxy Counterparts of metal-rich Damped Lyman-alpha Absorbers - I: The case of the z=2.35 DLA towards Q2222-0946
We have initiated a survey using the newly commissioned X-shooter
spectrograph to target candidate relatively metal-rich damped Lyman-alpha
absorbers (DLAs). The spectral coverage of X-shooter allows us to search for
not only Lyman-alpha emission, but also rest-frame optical emission lines. We
have chosen DLAs where the strongest rest-frame optical lines ([OII], [OIII],
Hbeta and Halpha) fall in the NIR atmospheric transmission bands. In this first
paper resulting from the survey, we report on the discovery of the galaxy
counterpart of the z_abs = 2.354 DLA towards the z=2.926 quasar Q2222$-0946.
This DLA is amongst the most metal-rich z>2 DLAs studied so far at comparable
redshifts and there is evidence for substantial depletion of refractory
elements onto dust grains. We measure metallicities from ZnII, SiII, NiII, MnII
and FeII of -0.46+/-0.07, -0.51+/-0.06, -0.85+/-0.06, -1.23+/-0.06, and
-0.99+/-0.06, respectively. The galaxy is detected in the Lyman-alpha, [OIII]
lambda4959,5007 Halpha emission lines at an impact parameter of about 0.8
arcsec (6 kpc at z_abs = 2.354). We infer a star-formation rate of 10 M_sun
yr^-1, which is a lower limit due to the possibility of slit-loss. Compared to
the recently determined Halpha luminosity function for z=2.2 galaxies the
DLA-galaxy counterpart has a luminosity of L~0.1L^*_Halpha. The emission-line
ratios are 4.0 (Lyalpha/Halpha) and 1.2 ([OIII]/Halpha). The Lyalpha line shows
clear evidence for resonant scattering effects, namely an asymmetric,
redshifted (relative to the systemic redshift) component and a much weaker
blueshifted component. The fact that the blueshifted component is relatively
weak indicates the presence of a galactic wind. The properties of the galaxy
counterpart of this DLA is consistent with the prediction that metal-rich DLAs
are associated with the most luminous of the DLA-galaxy counterparts.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
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