Early formation of massive, compact, spheroidal galaxies with classical profiles by violent disc instability or mergers

We address the formation of massive stellar spheroids between redshifts $z=4$ and 1 using a suite of AMR hydro-cosmological simulations. The spheroids form as bulges, and the spheroid mass growth is partly driven by violent disc instability (VDI) and partly by mergers. A kinematic decomposition to disc and spheroid yields that the mass fraction in the spheroid is between 50\% and 90\% and is roughly constant in time, consistent with a cosmological steady state of VDI discs that are continuously fed from the cosmic web. The density profile of the spheroid is typically "classical", with a Sersic index $n = 4.5\pm 1$, independent of whether it grew by mergers or VDI and independent of the feedback strength. The disc is characterized by $n=1.5\pm 0.5$, and the whole galaxy by $n=3\pm 1$. The high-redshift spheroids are compact due to the dissipative inflow of gas and the high universal density. The stellar surface density within the effective radius of each galaxy as it evolves remains roughly constant in time after its first growth. For galaxies of a fixed stellar mass, the surface density is higher at higher redshifts.Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures, accepted in MNRA

The Paternalistic Relationship: Authenticity and credibility as a source of healthy relationships

This article explores the how the Paternalistic Leadership model can be viewed as part of a relationship-based paradigm of leadership, and can incorporate concepts such as credibility and authenticity. The review highlights the need to understand paternalistic leadership as an approach to establishing productive relationships within a cultural context, with implications for researchers and practitioners in both collectivist and individualistic cultures

Continuing Education of the Complete Lawyer

There is no termination date for continuing education. To resort to the old cliche: Education is a journey, not a destination. Very clearly, in the case of the legal profession, it should continue to the grave or at least to that illusory date of retirement which some regard as a delightful dream and others as a dreadful nightmare.4 There are three somewhat different forms of education for which opportunities should be offered to the practicing lawyer which I will mention from time to time and describe in some detail. Very briefly stated: The first is training for greater competence in practice. This is the orthodox variety with which all of us are familiar and which is appropriately but undignifiedly referred to as how-to-do-it, breadand- butter or grass-roots education.5 The second is instruction to qualify for professional responsibilities both in practice and beyond. These include much more than what is prescribed by the rules of conduct laid down in the Canons of Ethics. In a very general way, these responsibilities have to do with the improvement of the law or the administration of justice. The appropriate form of systematic education for this differs little from the traditional training and instruction except that it must have greater breadth and depth and must look towards the stimulation of activity outside of and beyond practice. The third form has been called education for public responsibility. This involves a further step beyond education for competence and professional responsibility and is designed to qualify for public service not frequently undertaken by lawyers or included within their commonly accepted professional responsibilities. This public service is frequently full-time and almost always so intensive as to require a greater reduction of activity in practice than does the performance of the more usual professional responsibilities

Building Merger Trees from Cosmological N-body Simulations

Although a fair amount of work has been devoted to growing Monte-Carlo merger trees which resemble those built from an N-body simulation, comparatively little effort has been invested in quantifying the caveats one necessarily encounters when one extracts trees directly from such a simulation. To somewhat revert the tide, this paper seeks to provide its reader with a comprehensive study of the problems one faces when following this route. The first step to building merger histories of dark matter haloes and their subhaloes is to identify these structures in each of the time outputs (snapshots) produced by the simulation. Even though we discuss a particular implementation of such an algorithm (called AdaptaHOP) in this paper, we believe that our results do not depend on the exact details of the implementation but extend to most if not all (sub)structure finders. We then highlight different ways to build merger histories from AdaptaHOP haloes and subhaloes, contrasting their various advantages and drawbacks. We find that the best approach to (sub)halo merging histories is through an analysis that goes back and forth between identification and tree building rather than one which conducts a straightforward sequential treatment of these two steps. This is rooted in the complexity of the merging trees which have to depict an inherently dynamical process from the partial temporal information contained in the collection of instantaneous snapshots available from the N-body simulation.Comment: 19 pages, 28 figure

Innovations in City-Level Climate Policy: Building Energy Efficiency and Retrofitting Programs in C40 cities

Abstract Innovations in City Level Climate Policy: Building Energy Efficiency and Retrofitting Programs in C40 cities Benjamin Tweed Worldwide buildings account for approximately a third of global energy use and a quarter of GHG emissions. In large cities these proportions can double or even triple. Combined with a slow rate of building turnover, this creates a need for policy instruments designed to address the energy efficiency of existing buildings. With a lack of national attention, cities are stepping forward to offer a solution. This paper examines policy approaches taken by six cities, all members of the C40 Climate Leadership Group. Energy efficiency policies and programs are broken down into their constituent functions, each with unique impacts, strengths, and limitations. Gregory Trencher, Ph.D. Chief Instructo

The Challenges for a Closed-to-the-Public Animal Sanctuary: Prioritizing animal welfare while engaging in educational community outreach

Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest is a small primate sanctuary in Cle Elum, Washington, and is presently home to seven chimpanzees who were retired from biomedical research. I used this sanctuary as a case study to find out how a closed-to-the-public sanctuary can engage in educational outreach without compromising the welfare of the residents. I employed a combination of semi-structured interviews of sanctuary personnel, ethnographic participant-observation as a volunteer caregiver, and an online survey offered to the local community to help me understand the goals and limitations of sanctuaries. I also designed and conducted two educational programs for local area schools as beta tests for educational outreach program design. My research revealed that resource limitations like staffing and funding often prohibit sanctuaries from making educational outreach a priority. I also found that the demand for educational outreach from sanctuaries is low, and that this actually allows sanctuaries to have some flexibility in how they can provide outreach. My research confirmed that animal welfare is the main concern and priority for a sanctuary, and uncovered how distinctive and essential the level of caregiving in a sanctuary is compared to other captive animal facilities. The data I gathered through multiple modes of investigation have shed light on why there is a paucity of literature on educational outreach from sanctuaries in North America. It has also enabled me to ascertain how a model may be developed to make facilitating educational outreach more feasible for sanctuaries

What is Constitutional Democracy? A Comparative Analysis Between The United States and The European Union

It is difficult to imagine the concept of constitutionalism without the notion of deliberative democracy. Historically, written constitutions are the capstone of the ages-long struggle to limit arbitrary governmental action. James Madison said, “In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place oblige it to control itself. A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government.” We live in an era of constitution making. There are close to 200 national constitutions in existence today, and more than half have been written or re-written in the last quarter century. New nations and radically new regimes, seeking the democratic credentials that are often a condition for recognition by other nations and by international political, financial, aid, and trade organizations, make writing a constitution a priority. In 1787, the new United States of America was the originator and model of traditional constitution making by a hand-picked elite group, and of the constitution as marking a settlement of conflict and inaugurating a new regime of powers and rights. Mainstream scholarship has generally presented the American Constitution as the fixed outcome of a period of nation building. Admirers, offering this as an example to others, tend to want to duplicate its perceived virtues: constitution-making as an act of completion, the constitution as a final settlement or social contract in which basic political definitions, principles, and processes are agreed, as is a commitment to abide by them. Europeans have recently adopted a constitution for the European Union that is very different from the U.S. Constitution. The creation of a document which solidifies 25 countries as a political body has enormous ramifications for democracy across all civilizations. On the face of it, the proposed European Union constitution imitates the American federalist form. As I intend to show, its specific provisions move in an entirely different direction. The influences, by which the United States and the European Union have developed their constitutions, and therefore their democracies, are complex, but integral to understanding the political foundations on which these two polities rest. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the differences and similarities between the two political bodies and constitutions, discover what, if any, rights are given to citizens, how identity (or lack thereof) of citizens affects the policies and progression of a political unit, and to better identify the responsibility of politicians within these communities. I will explore the historical examples of successful and unsuccessful governments, what a democratically influenced constitution should look like, and what future steps the European Union and United States should take to cement these ideals into their unions