The Summer Camp of 1932

The lazy populace of the western village, drowsing on the wide veranda of Brewster’s General Store on a warm June day, aroused themselves sufficiently from their dormancy to take note of another Iowa-license-bearing car drawing near from the forested outskirts of the settlement. They stirred perceptibly and, through slitted eyes, took stock of some more of them eastern college foresters, come to our parts for their summer\u27s vacation. Whether or no these first impressions were suited or acceptable, such was in part the scene as the 1932 participants of the Summer Forestry Camp swept down from the hills into Burney, California, and plunged into the wilds of the Shasta, forest beyond

The Summer Camp of 1932

The lazy populace of the western village, drowsing on the wide veranda of Brewster’s General Store on a warm June day, aroused themselves sufficiently from their dormancy to take note of another Iowa-license-bearing car drawing near from the forested outskirts of the settlement. They stirred perceptibly and, through slitted eyes, took stock of "some more of them eastern college foresters, come to our parts for their summer's vacation." Whether or no these first impressions were suited or acceptable, such was in part the scene as the 1932 participants of the Summer Forestry Camp swept down from the hills into Burney, California, and plunged into the wilds of the Shasta, forest beyond.</p

A Computational Study of Induction Stirred Ladles

A numerical simulation was developed to capture the phenomena of electromagnetic stirring in a metallurgical ladle. Electromagnetic stirring requires an external magnetic field to be imposed on the molten steel bath, which is governed by the principles of magnetohydrodynamics. Electromagnetic stirring benefits over traditional stirring methods by offering non-invasive stirring, melt homogeneity, and ease of configuration alterations. Insight to the electromagnetic stirring phenomena is limited experimentally due to the high temperatures of the molten-steel bath. This investigation will include two numerical simulations, the first of which is to generate a magnetic field to properly stir the steel bath. The second incorporates the generated magnetic field and solves the fluid flow due to the magnetohydrodynamics interactions. The results of these numerical simulations will help to provide further understanding of the electromagnetic stirring method. This simulation was used to analyze the moltensteel bulk velocity, vortex formation, flow development time, slag-eye size, and wall shear stress in a metallurgical ladle. The transient development of the bulk velocity in an EMS ladle was compared with the literature study completed by Sand et al. 2009. The comparison of the developed bulk velocity resulted in a percentage difference of 0.98% and an absolute difference of 0.007 [m/s]. Both numerical models, in the current work and the literature study, obtained a developed flow within 25 seconds of stirring. For the parametric studies, it was found that the addition of a circumferential taper angle to the geometry reduced the bulk velocity and slag-eye size formed compared to a cylindrical ladle. The electric current amperage of the external magnetic field coil system was determined to precisely adjust the bulk velocity. A 150 [A] reduction in amperage results in a ∼ 20% loss in the bulk velocity magnitude. The locations of the high shear stress regions were determined which remained near the stirring unit. From this study, it is recommended to use a magnetohydrodynamics package offered within a multiphysics numerical solver since the FLUENT® MHD module inherently under-predicts the velocity as well as the issue of the numerical instabilities of the Lorentz force calculations

A facile method for the labeling of proteins with zirconium isotopes

To label proteins with positron emitters with a half life in the order of days, a method has been developed to label proteins with zirconium (Zr) isotopes. Therefore, the bifunctional chelating agent desferal (Df) was coupled to albumins via a thioether bond. Labeling of the premodified proteins was easily performed by addition of these proteins to freeze dried Zr-oxalate. This labeling was efficient (> 90%) and accomplished in several minutes. The conjugates showed a high in vitro stability. Biodistribution studies were performed with Zr-88-citrate, Zr-88-Df, and Zr-88-labeled mouse serum albumin (Zr-88,Df-MSA), modified with different amounts of chelating groups. Whereas Zr citrate was found to accumulate in bone, Zr Df was cleared very fast by glomerular filtration. The Zr-88-Df-MSA showed similar blood clearance as did I-123-labeled MSA. The biodistribution pattern of Zr-88-Df-MSA differed only from I-123-MSA in that a higher accumulation of Zr in liver, kidney, and spleen was found. The absence of large amounts of Zr-88 in bone indicated that in vivo the conjugates are also reasonably stable