A new species of Liolaemus related to L. nigroviridis from the Andean highlands of Central Chile (Iguania, Liolaemidae)

Indexación: Web of Science; Scopus.The Liolaemus nigroviridis group is a clade of highland lizards endemic to Chile. These species are distributed from northern to central Chile, and currently there are no cases of sympatric distribution. This study describes a new species, Liolaemus uniformis sp. n., from this group, and provides a detailed morphological characterization and mitochondrial phylogeny using cytochrome-b. Liolaemus uniformis was found in sympatry with L. nigroviridis but noticeably differed in size, scalation, and markedly in the color pattern, without sexual dichromatism. This new species has probably been confused with L. monticola and L. bellii, both of which do not belong to the nigroviridis group. The taxonomic issues of this group that remain uncertain are also discussed.https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=601

Expresión de los receptores hormonales (RE/RP) y sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu en carcinoma ductal infiltrante

RESUMEN Introducción: El grado de diferenciación tumoral, la expresión de los receptores de estrógeno y progesterona y la sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu son factores de tipo pronóstico y predictivo importantes en la evolución y conducta terapéutica del carcinoma mamario infiltrante. Se ha encontrado en diversos estudios que los inmunofenotipos que no expresan los receptores hormonales o que sobre expresan la proteína HER-2/neu se asocian con pobre diferenciación tumoral. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil inmunofenotípico del carcinoma ductal infiltrante y establecer su relación con el grado de diferenciación tumoral. Metodología: Usando técnicas de inmunohistoquímica se determinaron los receptores de estrógeno (RE) y progesterona (RP), y la sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu en muestras de carcinoma ductal infiltrante y se identificaron sus fenotipos basados en la clasificación de Cheang. La variedad histológica y el grado de diferenciación tumoral en los carcinomas ductales infiltrantes fueron evaluados en tejido coloreado con hematoxilina-eosina. Resultados: Se incluyeron las muestras de 58 pacientes con carcinoma ductal infiltrante. El 15,5% de los carcinomas eran bien diferenciados, 63,8% moderadamente diferenciados y el 20,7% restante pobremente diferenciados. El inmunofenotipo triple negativo se presentó en 29,3% de las muestras, HER2+ en el 20,7%, luminal/ HER2+ en el 1,7%, luminal A en el 43,1% y ER-/PR+/HER2- en el 5,2%. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, no se encontró asociación entre el grado de diferenciación tumoral y los inmunofenotipos. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 149-158 Palabras clave: Carcinoma ductal infiltrante, grado de diferenciación tumoral, receptores de estrógenos y progesterona, HER-2/neu   ABSTRACT Introduction: The degree of tumor differentiation, the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER-2/ neu protein overexpressing are important prognostic and predictive factors in the evolution and therapeutic management of invasive breast carcinoma. In different studies were found that the immunophenotypes that do not express hormonal receptors or the HER-2/neu protein overexpressing have been associated with poor tumor differentiation. Purpose: To determine the immunophenotypic profile of invasive ductal carcinoma and establish its relationship with the histological grade. Methodology: Using immunohistochemistry were determined the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone (PR) and HER-2/neu protein overexpression in invasive ductal carcinoma samples and their phenotypes were identified based on classification of Cheang. The histological subtype and degree of tumor differentiation in invasive ductal carcinomas were evaluated in tissue stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results: In this study were included 58 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. 15.5% of the carcinomas were well differentiated, 63.8% moderately differentiated and the remaining 20.7% poorly differentiated. The triple-negative immunophenotype was show in 29.3% of the samples, HER2+ in the 20.7%, luminal/HER2 + in the 1.7%, luminal A in the 43.1% and the phenotype (ER-/PR+/HER2) in the 5.2%. Conclusions: In this study don’t was found association between the degree of tumor differentiation and the immunophenotypes. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 149-158 Keywords: Invasive ductal carcinoma, degree of tumor differentiation, estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER- 2/ne

Expresión de los receptores hormonales (RE/RP) y sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu en carcinoma ductal infiltrante

RESUMEN Introducción: El grado de diferenciación tumoral, la expresión de los receptores de estrógeno y progesterona y la sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu son factores de tipo pronóstico y predictivo importantes en la evolución y conducta terapéutica del carcinoma mamario infiltrante. Se ha encontrado en diversos estudios que los inmunofenotipos que no expresan los receptores hormonales o que sobre expresan la proteína HER-2/neu se asocian con pobre diferenciación tumoral. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil inmunofenotípico del carcinoma ductal infiltrante y establecer su relación con el grado de diferenciación tumoral. Metodología: Usando técnicas de inmunohistoquímica se determinaron los receptores de estrógeno (RE) y progesterona (RP), y la sobreexpresión de la proteína HER-2/neu en muestras de carcinoma ductal infiltrante y se identificaron sus fenotipos basados en la clasificación de Cheang. La variedad histológica y el grado de diferenciación tumoral en los carcinomas ductales infiltrantes fueron evaluados en tejido coloreado con hematoxilina-eosina. Resultados: Se incluyeron las muestras de 58 pacientes con carcinoma ductal infiltrante. El 15,5% de los carcinomas eran bien diferenciados, 63,8% moderadamente diferenciados y el 20,7% restante pobremente diferenciados. El inmunofenotipo triple negativo se presentó en 29,3% de las muestras, HER2+ en el 20,7%, luminal/ HER2+ en el 1,7%, luminal A en el 43,1% y ER-/PR+/HER2- en el 5,2%. Conclusiones: En nuestro estudio, no se encontró asociación entre el grado de diferenciación tumoral y los inmunofenotipos. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 149-158 Palabras clave: Carcinoma ductal infiltrante, grado de diferenciación tumoral, receptores de estrógenos y progesterona, HER-2/neu   ABSTRACT Introduction: The degree of tumor differentiation, the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER-2/ neu protein overexpressing are important prognostic and predictive factors in the evolution and therapeutic management of invasive breast carcinoma. In different studies were found that the immunophenotypes that do not express hormonal receptors or the HER-2/neu protein overexpressing have been associated with poor tumor differentiation. Purpose: To determine the immunophenotypic profile of invasive ductal carcinoma and establish its relationship with the histological grade. Methodology: Using immunohistochemistry were determined the estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone (PR) and HER-2/neu protein overexpression in invasive ductal carcinoma samples and their phenotypes were identified based on classification of Cheang. The histological subtype and degree of tumor differentiation in invasive ductal carcinomas were evaluated in tissue stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Results: In this study were included 58 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma. 15.5% of the carcinomas were well differentiated, 63.8% moderately differentiated and the remaining 20.7% poorly differentiated. The triple-negative immunophenotype was show in 29.3% of the samples, HER2+ in the 20.7%, luminal/HER2 + in the 1.7%, luminal A in the 43.1% and the phenotype (ER-/PR+/HER2) in the 5.2%. Conclusions: In this study don’t was found association between the degree of tumor differentiation and the immunophenotypes. Salud UIS 2011; 43 (2): 149-158 Keywords: Invasive ductal carcinoma, degree of tumor differentiation, estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER- 2/ne

The influence of thermal evolution in the magnetic protection of terrestrial planets

Magnetic protection of potentially habitable planets plays a central role in determining their actual habitability and/or the chances of detecting atmospheric biosignatures. Here we develop a thermal evolution model of potentially habitable Earth-like planets and super-Earths (SEs). Using up-to-date dynamo-scaling laws, we predict the properties of core dynamo magnetic fields and study the influence of thermal evolution on their properties. The level of magnetic protection of tidally locked and unlocked planets is estimated by combining simplified models of the planetary magnetosphere and a phenomenological description of the stellar wind. Thermal evolution introduces a strong dependence of magnetic protection on planetary mass and rotation rate. Tidally locked terrestrial planets with an Earth-like composition would have early dayside magnetopause distances between 1.5 and 4.0 Rp , larger than previously estimated. Unlocked planets with periods of rotation ~1 day are protected by magnetospheres extending between 3 and 8 Rp . Our results are robust in comparison with variations in planetary bulk composition and uncertainties in other critical model parameters. For illustration purposes, the thermal evolution and magnetic protection of the potentially habitable SEs GL 581d, GJ 667Cc, and HD 40307g were also studied. Assuming an Earth-like composition, we found that the dynamos of these planets are already extinct or close to being shut down. While GL 581d is the best protected, the protection of HD 40307g cannot be reliably estimated. GJ 667Cc, even under optimistic conditions, seems to be severely exposed to the stellar wind, and, under the conditions of our model, has probably suffered massive atmospheric losses

Distribución espacial y ciclos anual y semianual de la precipitación en Colombia.

Los mapas de distribución de la precipitación y sus ciclos anual y semianual han sido desarrollados dentro del marco del proyecto “Balances Hidrológicos de Colombia”, en los cuales la precipitación es factor fundamental. Se usa información básica de estaciones ubicadas sobre el territorio Colombiano y algunas en países vecinos (información primaria), así como información obtenida en estudios anteriores (información cualitativa o secundaria) y en estudios climáticos a escala global. Los mapas se han construido mediante técnicas geostadísticas de nterpolación, tales como el método de “Kriging Ordinario” para la interpolación a escala mensual y “Kriging con deriva externa” para la precipitación media anual y por regiones. Para obtener los ciclos anual y semianual se utilizó la transformada rápida de Fourier. Se observa en los resultados consistencia con algunos de los factores que intervienen en el régimen climático Colombiano, como la migración meridional de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (ZCIT), las características topográficas y otros mecanismos asociados a la génesis de la precipitaciónen Colombia.Maps of the spatial distribution of mean annual rainfall and its annual and semiannual cycles have been developed within the project “Surface Water Budget of Colombia”, where rainfall is a fundamental element. Basic information consists of rain gauges spread over the Colombian territory and some in the neighbor countries, as well as in previous studies (considered as qualitative and secondary information), but also large-scale climatic studies. The maps were constructed through interpolation methods such as ‘Kriging with drift’ (long term averages) and ‘Ordinary Kriging’ (monthly averages). The annual and semiannual cycles were estimated using the Fast Fourier Transform. In general, results included in the spatio-temporal precipitation maps are consistent with the meridional displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the topographic features and other mechanisms involved in precipitation variability over the country

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum