SYNTESIS AND CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF THE EXO-3,6-DIMETHYL-3,6-EPOXI-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPHTLALIMIDE AND ITS N-BROMODECYL ANALOG: TWO THERMALLY LABILE DIELS-ALDER ADDUCTS

Indexación: Web of Science; Scielo.The molecular structure of the exo-3,6-dimethyl-3,6-epoxi-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (1), determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, as well as, its complete spectroscopic characterization and the synthesis and complete spectroscopic characterization of its N-(10-bromodecyl) analog (2) are presented.http://ref.scielo.org/kh5xv

Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activity of Piper Piedecuestanum Trel. and Yunck

ackground and Objective: Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs has expanded and in tensified, making new and effective antimalarial drugs urgently. The objective of this work was the in vitro evaluation of antiplasmodial activity of extracts of differen t polarity and compounds of the species P. piedecuestanum . Materials and Methods: The plant materials were obtained through successive extractions using solvents of different polarity such as hexane (H), dichloromethane (D), ethyl acetate (A) and methanol (M) and separations techniques for fractionation and isolation of compounds. The antiplasmodial activities of the extracts and compounds were evaluated by SYBR Green I® method and evaluated the cytotoxicit y in the cell lines U-937, HUVEC by the MTT method. Results: The antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the extracts of dichloromethane (PPD) and ethyl ac etate (PPAE) with antiplasmodi al activity of IC 50 = 17.93 μg mL G 1 ; IS = 2.093 and IC 50 = 19.5 μg mL G 1 ; IS = 0.791, respectively are reported for the first time. In addition, from P. piedecuestanum species were isolation and characterization five metabolites 5,8-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone(1), 6,7-dimethoxy-5,8- dihydroxyflavone(2), 6,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone (mosloflavo ne) (3), 5,6-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (negletein) (4), 5-hydr oxy-7- methoxyflavone (5) and a brominated derivative from (5) named 6,8 bromo-5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone(7). Compound (1) presented promising antiplasmodial activity with an IC 50 = 7.325 μg mL G 1 (25.69 μM); IS HUVEC =13.65. Conclusion: Chemical analysis of extracts and compounds from P. piedecuestanum spices will play a central role in the development and modernization o f an antimalarial herbal traditional in Colombia

First Latin American clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: Latin American Group for the Study of Lupus (GLADEL, Grupo Latino Americano de Estudio del Lupus)-Pan-American League of Associations of Rheumatology (PANLAR)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex and heterogeneous autoimmune disease, represents a significant challenge for both diagnosis and treatment. Patients with SLE in Latin America face special problems that should be considered when therapeutic guidelines are developed. The objective of the study is to develop clinical practice guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus. Two independent teams (rheumatologists with experience in lupus management and methodologists) had an initial meeting in Panama City, Panama, in April 2016. They selected a list of questions for the clinical problems most commonly seen in Latin American patients with SLE. These were addressed with the best available evidence and summarised in a standardised format following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. All preliminary findings were discussed in a second face-to-face meeting in Washington, DC, in November 2016. As a result, nine organ/system sections are presented with the main findings; an 'overarching' treatment approach was added. Special emphasis was made on regional implementation issues. Best pharmacologic options were examined for musculoskeletal, mucocutaneous, kidney, cardiac, pulmonary, neuropsychiatric, haematological manifestations and the antiphospholipid syndrome. The roles of main therapeutic options (ie, glucocorticoids, antimalarials, immunosuppressant agents, therapeutic plasma exchange, belimumab, rituximab, abatacept, low-dose aspirin and anticoagulants) were summarised in each section. In all cases, benefits and harms, certainty of the evidence, values and preferences, feasibility, acceptability and equity issues were considered to produce a recommendation with special focus on ethnic and socioeconomic aspects. Guidelines for Latin American patients with lupus have been developed and could be used in similar settings.Fil: Pons Estel, Bernardo A.. Centro Regional de Enfermedades Autoinmunes y Reumáticas; ArgentinaFil: Bonfa, Eloisa. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Soriano, Enrique R.. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Cardiel, Mario H.. Centro de Investigación Clínica de Morelia; MéxicoFil: Izcovich, Ariel. Hospital Alemán; ArgentinaFil: Popoff, Federico. Hospital Aleman; ArgentinaFil: Criniti, Juan M.. Hospital Alemán; ArgentinaFil: Vásquez, Gloria. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Massardo, Loreto. Universidad San Sebastián; ChileFil: Duarte, Margarita. Hospital de Clínicas; ParaguayFil: Barile Fabris, Leonor A.. Hospital Angeles del Pedregal; MéxicoFil: García, Mercedes A.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Amigo, Mary Carmen. Centro Médico Abc; MéxicoFil: Espada, Graciela. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Catoggio, Luis J.. Hospital Italiano. Instituto Universitario. Escuela de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Sato, Emilia Inoue. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Levy, Roger A.. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; BrasilFil: Acevedo Vásquez, Eduardo M.. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos; PerúFil: Chacón Díaz, Rosa. Policlínica Méndez Gimón; VenezuelaFil: Galarza Maldonado, Claudio M.. Corporación Médica Monte Sinaí; EcuadorFil: Iglesias Gamarra, Antonio J.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; ColombiaFil: Molina, José Fernando. Centro Integral de Reumatología; ColombiaFil: Neira, Oscar. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Silva, Clóvis A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Vargas Peña, Andrea. Hospital Pasteur Montevideo; UruguayFil: Gómez Puerta, José A.. Hospital Clinic Barcelona; EspañaFil: Scolnik, Marina. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Pons Estel, Guillermo J.. Centro Regional de Enfermedades Autoinmunes y Reumáticas; Argentina. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Ugolini Lopes, Michelle R.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Savio, Verónica. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Drenkard, Cristina. University of Emory; Estados UnidosFil: Alvarellos, Alejandro J.. Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Ugarte Gil, Manuel F.. Universidad Cientifica del Sur; Perú. Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen; PerúFil: Babini, Alejandra. Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Rectorado.; ArgentinaFil: Cavalcanti, André. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Cardoso Linhares, Fernanda Athayde. Hospital Pasteur Montevideo; UruguayFil: Haye Salinas, Maria Jezabel. Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Fuentes Silva, Yurilis J.. Universidad de Oriente - Núcleo Bolívar; VenezuelaFil: Montandon De Oliveira E Silva, Ana Carolina. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Eraso Garnica, Ruth M.. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: Herrera Uribe, Sebastián. Hospital General de Medellin Luz Castro de Gutiérrez; ColombiaFil: Gómez Martín, DIana. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Robaina Sevrini, Ricardo. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Quintana, Rosana M.. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; Argentina. Centro Regional de Enfermedades Autoinmunes y Reumáticas; ArgentinaFil: Gordon, Sergio. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr Oscar Alende. Unidad de Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas; ArgentinaFil: Fragoso Loyo, Hilda. Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubiran; MéxicoFil: Rosario, Violeta. Hospital Docente Padre Billini; República DominicanaFil: Saurit, Verónica. Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Appenzeller, Simone. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; BrasilFil: Dos Reis Neto, Edgard Torres. Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Cieza, Jorge. Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins; PerúFil: González Naranjo, Luis A.. Universidad de Antioquia; ColombiaFil: González Bello, Yelitza C.. Ceibac; MéxicoFil: Collado, María Victoria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Sarano, Judith. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Retamozo, Maria Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Sattler, María E.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; ArgentinaFil: Gamboa Cárdenas, Rocio V.. Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen; PerúFil: Cairoli, Ernesto. Universidad de la República; UruguayFil: Conti, Silvana M.. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Amezcua Guerra, Luis M.. Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez; MéxicoFil: Silveira, Luis H.. Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez; MéxicoFil: Borba, Eduardo F.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Pera, Mariana A.. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Alba Moreyra, Paula B.. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Arturi, Valeria. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Berbotto, Guillermo A.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos "Eva Perón"; ArgentinaFil: Gerling, Cristian. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr Oscar Alende. Unidad de Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas; ArgentinaFil: Gobbi, Carla Andrea. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Gervasoni, Viviana L.. Hospital Provincial de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Scherbarth, Hugo R.. Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr Oscar Alende. Unidad de Reumatología y Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas; ArgentinaFil: Brenol, João C. Tavares. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre; BrasilFil: Cavalcanti, Fernando. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Costallat, Lilian T. Lavras. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; BrasilFil: Da Silva, Nilzio A.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; BrasilFil: Monticielo, Odirlei A.. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre; BrasilFil: Seguro, Luciana Parente Costa. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Xavier, Ricardo M.. Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre; BrasilFil: Llanos, Carolina. Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Montúfar Guardado, Rubén A.. Instituto Salvadoreño de la Seguridad Social; El SalvadorFil: Garcia De La Torre, Ignacio. Hospital General de Occidente; MéxicoFil: Pineda, Carlos. Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación; MéxicoFil: Portela Hernández, Margarita. Umae Hospital de Especialidades Centro Medico Nacional Siglo Xxi; MéxicoFil: Danza, Alvaro. Hospital Pasteur Montevideo; UruguayFil: Guibert Toledano, Marlene. Medical-surgical Research Center; CubaFil: Reyes, Gil Llerena. Medical-surgical Research Center; CubaFil: Acosta Colman, Maria Isabel. Hospital de Clínicas; ParaguayFil: Aquino, Alicia M.. Hospital de Clínicas; ParaguayFil: Mora Trujillo, Claudia S.. Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins; PerúFil: Muñoz Louis, Roberto. Hospital Docente Padre Billini; República DominicanaFil: García Valladares, Ignacio. Centro de Estudios de Investigación Básica y Clínica; MéxicoFil: Orozco, María Celeste. Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica; ArgentinaFil: Burgos, Paula I.. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; ChileFil: Betancur, Graciela V.. Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica; ArgentinaFil: Alarcón, Graciela S.. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia; Perú. University of Alabama at Birmingahm; Estados Unido

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Registro de leishmaniasis cutánea en caninos presentes en zonas peri-urbana de Villavicencio, Meta y su importancia en la salud pública

 Titulo en ingles: Registration of cutaneous leishmaniasis in canines present in peri-urban areas of Villavicencio, Meta and their importance in the public healthRESUMEN: La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad causada por un protozoario difásico del género Leishmania. En el ciclo heteroxeno de la Leishmania participan como vectores dípteros hematófagos (Flebótomo y Lutzomyia).  El perro es el principal reservorio de algunas de las especies de Leishmania, presentándose las formas cutánea y visceral. Los principales signos clínicos encontrados en siete caninos examinados en zonas peri-urbana de Villavicencio fueron de afección cutánea: dermatitis exfoliativa, alopecias localizadas y difusas (en un caso) y ulceras cutáneas; uno solo canino de los diagnosticados presentó una aparente afección general con pobre estado corporal, depresión y adenitis localizada.  Fue utilizado como método  diagnóstico el examen parasitológico. La importancia  de estos casos como reservorio se  entrelaza con diferentes factores ligados tanto a la actividad humana como a los cambios climáticos que influyen en la distribución y hacen que se considere como una enfermedad  emergente y/o reemergente teniendo un gran impacto en la salud pública.Palabras claves: leishmaniasis cutánea,  afección cutánea, canino, reservorio, salud pública.ABSTRACT:  The leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. The heteroecious life cycle of the Leishmania includes an invertebrate host (phle- botomy and Lutzomyia). The dog is the main reservoir for many of the Leishmania species, simultaneously presenting both cutaneous and visceral clinical signs. The main clinical signs found in the seven canines examined  in semi-urban areas of Villavicencio were of cutaneous affection: dermatitis exfoliate, local and dif- fuse depilation  and cutaneous ulcerations; one single canine of those diagnosed presents an apparent general affection, poor corporal state, depression, and located  adenitis.  The diagnostic was carried out by a method parasitological. The importance of these cases like reservoir are  intertwined so much with different bound factors to the human activity as to the climatic changes  that  influence in the distribution, and they make him to be considered like an disease emergent and/or reemergent having a great impact in the health public.Key words: cutaneous leishmaniasis, cutaneous af-fection, canine, reservoir, public health Titulo en ingles: Registration of cutaneous leishmaniasis in canines present in peri-urban areas of Villavicencio, Meta and their importance in the public healthRESUMEN: La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad causada por un protozoario difásico del género Leishmania. En el ciclo heteroxeno de la Leishmania participan como vectores dípteros hematófagos (Flebótomo y Lutzomyia).  El perro es el principal reservorio de algunas de las especies de Leishmania, presentándose las formas cutánea y visceral. Los principales signos clínicos encontrados en siete caninos examinados en zonas peri-urbana de Villavicencio fueron de afección cutánea: dermatitis exfoliativa, alopecias localizadas y difusas (en un caso) y ulceras cutáneas; uno solo canino de los diagnosticados presentó una aparente afección general con pobre estado corporal, depresión y adenitis localizada.  Fue utilizado como método  diagnóstico el examen parasitológico. La importancia  de estos casos como reservorio se  entrelaza con diferentes factores ligados tanto a la actividad humana como a los cambios climáticos que influyen en la distribución y hacen que se considere como una enfermedad  emergente y/o reemergente teniendo un gran impacto en la salud pública.Palabras claves: leishmaniasis cutánea,  afección cutánea, canino, reservorio, salud pública.ABSTRACT:  The leishmaniasis is a disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. The heteroecious life cycle of the Leishmania includes an invertebrate host (phle- botomy and Lutzomyia). The dog is the main reservoir for many of the Leishmania species, simultaneously presenting both cutaneous and visceral clinical signs. The main clinical signs found in the seven canines examined  in semi-urban areas of Villavicencio were of cutaneous affection: dermatitis exfoliate, local and dif- fuse depilation  and cutaneous ulcerations; one single canine of those diagnosed presents an apparent general affection, poor corporal state, depression, and located  adenitis.  The diagnostic was carried out by a method parasitological. The importance of these cases like reservoir are  intertwined so much with different bound factors to the human activity as to the climatic changes  that  influence in the distribution, and they make him to be considered like an disease emergent and/or reemergent having a great impact in the health public.Key words: cutaneous leishmaniasis, cutaneous af-fection, canine, reservoir, public healt

Signaling value through gender diversity : evidence from initial coin offerings

We analyze women’s participation and the effects of team gender diversity on initial coin offering (ICO) success measured by the total funding amount raised in the actual ICO and the project’s long-term survival. Using a database featuring 875 initial coin offerings between 2017 and 2019, we find that women are significantly under-represented in ICO projects (on average, only 13% of team members are women). However, for projects that do have participation of women, we find that team gender diversity increases the total funding raised in the ICO. Moreover, when we separate team members into areas of expertise or roles in the project, we find that the presence of women in critical positions, such as being a founder or having financial or legal responsibilities, significantly reduces the likelihood of long-term coin failure. Our results are consistent with the notion that investors perceive women’s participation in leadership positions as a positive signal of desirable organizational practices that will translate into better performance. Our results are also consistent with the idea that having women, who abide by ethical values and are less prone to fraud, reduces the likelihood that informationally opaque ICOs turn out to be scams.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-048Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-4968https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-7890https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55207224400https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57191261953https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=5520641670

Attention to global warming and the success of environmental initial coin offerings : empirical evidence

We analyze the effects of attention to global warming on the success of environmental initial coin offerings (ICOs) measured by the total funding amount raised in the actual ICOs and the long-term survival of the projects. Using a database featuring 324 environmental initial coin offerings between 2017 and 2019, we find that attention to global warming increases the total funding raised in an environmental ICO. Moreover, we find that environmental offerings that occur during periods of greater attention to global warming are significantly less likely to fail in the long term. Our results are consistent with the idea that investor attention as a market-discipline mechanism increases the likelihood of survival for environmental ICOs.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-048Xhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7981-4968https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-7890https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55207224400https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57191261953https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=5520641670

Identificación de Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis en caninos, en zona rural del municipio de Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia

Titulo en ingles: Identification of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in dogs in rural area municipality of Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia.RESUMEN:  La leishmaniasis cutánea canina es una enfermedad emergente en Colombia. Aunque ha sido posible establecer que el canino pueden ser parasitado por especies de Leishmania (Viannia) de alta importancia epidemiológica como L. panamensis y L. braziliensis., aún no se ha determinado su papel en la transmisión de la Leishma- niasis cutánea americana (LCA). Se tomaron muestras para estudios moleculares en la vereda La Reforma del Municipio de Villavicencio, en donde se habían encontrado 6 caninos y un humano con lesiones compatibles con Leishmaniasis cutánea. Las muestras de tejido fueron recolectadas y procesadas para la identificación del parásito a través de la técnica de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Se utilizaron los iniciadores OL1 y OL2 para la identificación del parásito, los iniciadores B1 y B2 para determinar el Sub-género y los iniciadores especie-específicos b1-b2, g1-g2, y p1-p2 para la especie. Se encontró en el humano y un canino un patrón de amplificación de ADN compatible con el reportado para Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. En conclusión, la identificación de esta especie de Leishmania fue posible mediante PCR, lo cual valida su uso en estudios futuros y además sugiere la existencia de un nuevo nicho ecológico para el parasito lo que representa un importante factor de riesgo para la presentación de un brote epidémico en la población.Palabras clave: Leishmaniasis cutánea, caninos, VillavicencioSUMMARY:  The canine cutaneous leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in our country.Although it has been possible to establish that the canines can be parasitized by species of Leishmania (Viannia) high epidemiological importance such as the L. panamensis and L. braziliensis. not yet determined its role in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). The taking of samples for molecular study was conducted at the village La Reforma of municipal of Villavicencio, where identified a 6 canines and one humans with lesions consistent with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The tissue samples were collected and processed for identification of the parasite through the PCR technique. We used the primers OL1 and OL2 for identification of parasites of the genus Leishmania, the B1 and B2 primers to determine the sub-genus and species-specific primers b1-b2, g1-g2, and p1-p2 to determine the species.Achieved the identification of a canine and a human whose samples showed a pattern of amplification of DNA compatible with the reported for Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. In conclusion, the technique of PCR is a feasible diagnostic technique for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and the identification of species parasitante in each case. The identification of a Leishmania species from sylvan distribution in rural area of Villavicencio implies the existence of a new ecological niche for the parasite that represents an important risk factor for the generation of an epidemical outbreak in the population.Key words: cutaneous leishmaniasis, canine, VillavicencioTitulo en ingles: Identification of Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in dogs in rural area municipality of Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia.RESUMEN:  La leishmaniasis cutánea canina es una enfermedad emergente en Colombia. Aunque ha sido posible establecer que el canino pueden ser parasitado por especies de Leishmania (Viannia) de alta importancia epidemiológica como L. panamensis y L. braziliensis., aún no se ha determinado su papel en la transmisión de la Leishma- niasis cutánea americana (LCA). Se tomaron muestras para estudios moleculares en la vereda La Reforma del Municipio de Villavicencio, en donde se habían encontrado 6 caninos y un humano con lesiones compatibles con Leishmaniasis cutánea. Las muestras de tejido fueron recolectadas y procesadas para la identificación del parásito a través de la técnica de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Se utilizaron los iniciadores OL1 y OL2 para la identificación del parásito, los iniciadores B1 y B2 para determinar el Sub-género y los iniciadores especie-específicos b1-b2, g1-g2, y p1-p2 para la especie. Se encontró en el humano y un canino un patrón de amplificación de ADN compatible con el reportado para Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. En conclusión, la identificación de esta especie de Leishmania fue posible mediante PCR, lo cual valida su uso en estudios futuros y además sugiere la existencia de un nuevo nicho ecológico para el parasito lo que representa un importante factor de riesgo para la presentación de un brote epidémico en la población.Palabras clave: Leishmaniasis cutánea, caninos, VillavicencioSUMMARY:  The canine cutaneous leishmaniasis is an emerging disease in our country.Although it has been possible to establish that the canines can be parasitized by species of Leishmania (Viannia) high epidemiological importance such as the L. panamensis and L. braziliensis. not yet determined its role in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL). The taking of samples for molecular study was conducted at the village La Reforma of municipal of Villavicencio, where identified a 6 canines and one humans with lesions consistent with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The tissue samples were collected and processed for identification of the parasite through the PCR technique. We used the primers OL1 and OL2 for identification of parasites of the genus Leishmania, the B1 and B2 primers to determine the sub-genus and species-specific primers b1-b2, g1-g2, and p1-p2 to determine the species.Achieved the identification of a canine and a human whose samples showed a pattern of amplification of DNA compatible with the reported for Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. In conclusion, the technique of PCR is a feasible diagnostic technique for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis and the identification of species parasitante in each case. The identification of a Leishmania species from sylvan distribution in rural area of Villavicencio implies the existence of a new ecological niche for the parasite that represents an important risk factor for the generation of an epidemical outbreak in the population.Key words: cutaneous leishmaniasis, canine, Villavicenci

1324 prison suicides in 10 countries in South America: incidence, relative risks, and ecological factors

Purpose:&nbsp;Although suicide rates of prison populations and incidence factors have been reported for high-income countries, data from low- and middle-income regions are lacking. The purpose of the study was to estimate suicide rates among prison populations in South America, to examine prison-related factors, and to compare suicide rates between prison and general populations. Methods:&nbsp;In this observational study, we collected the numbers of suicides in prison, rates of prison occupancy, and incarceration rates from primary sources in South America between 2000 and 2017. We compared suicide rates among prisoners with incidence rates in the general populations by calculating incidence rate ratios. We assessed the effect of gender, year, incarceration rates and occupancy on suicide rates in the prison populations using regression analyses. Results:&nbsp;There were 1324 suicides reported during 4,437,591 person years of imprisonment between 2000 and 2017 in 10 South American countries. The mean suicide rate was 40 (95% CI 16&ndash;65) per 100,000 person years for male and female genders combined. The pooled incidence rate ratio of suicide between prison and general populations was 3.9 (95% CI 3.1&ndash;5.1) for both genders combined, 2.4 (95% CI 1.9&ndash;3.1) for men and a higher ratio in women (13.5, 95% CI 6.9&ndash;26.9). High occupancies of prisons were associated with lower incidence of suicide (&beta;&thinsp;=&thinsp;&minus; 58, 95% CI &minus; 108.5 to &minus; 7.1). Conclusions:&nbsp;Suicides during imprisonment in South America are an important public health problem. Suicide prevention strategies need to target prison populations.</p