The Organizational Culture of the Khalafiyah Islamic Boarding School in Batanghari Regency in Providing Job Satisfaction for Teachers

The purpose of this research is to learn about the organizational culture and job satisfaction at the khalafiyah Islamic boarding school, as well as to discover whether organizational culture can provide job satisfaction for the teachers at the khalafiyah Islamic boarding school in Batanghari Regency. A qualitative research methodology was applied in this study. Three Islamic Boarding Schools in Batanghari Regency served as research subjects. Documents, records, archives, or printed news are examples of data sources. Passive participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation studies were employed as data gathering methods. Based on the study's findings, it is possible to conclude that the cultures that exist at the three Islamic boarding schools have distinct characteristics and have evolved into a culture that is formed, believed, guided, and acted upon. Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that the cultures that exist in the three Islamic boarding schools have distinct characteristics and become a culture that is created, believed, guided, and actualized as rules that must be obeyed in order to limit behavior (self-control) and make it a tradition and personality

Budaya Organisasi dalam Memberikan Kepuasan Kerja Guru Pondok Pesantren Khalafiyah di Kabupaten Batang Hari

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah budaya organisasi dalam memberikan kepuasan kerja guru pondok pesantren khalafiyah di Kabupaten Batang Hari. Pertanyaan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengapa budaya organisasi dapat memberikan kepuasan kerja guru pondok pesantren khalafiyah di Kabupaten Batang Hari. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan etnografi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Penentuan subjek penelitian menggunakan purposive sampling. Teknik analisis data dengan analisis domain, analisis taksonomi, analisis komponensial, dan analisis tema kultural. Uji keterpercayaan data menggunakan perpanjangan keikutsertaan, ketekunan/keajegan pengamatan, dan triangulasi, Penelitian ini menghasilkan beberapa analisis hasil penelitian yaitu 1) Budaya organisasi Pondok Pesantren Khalafiyah di Kabupaten Batang Hari termanivestasi dalam penanaman nilai-nilai dan pemberlakuan norma-norma yang direalisasikan dalam proses pembelajaran, pembinaan, habituasi dan aktivitas santri dan guru yang dibatasi dalam tata tertib, dan diterjemahkan melalui ritual dan simbol-simbol, serta disosialisasikan dengan jaringan komunikasi, 2) Kepuasan kerja guru tidak semata-mata diperoleh dari materi (honor dan fasilitas yang memadai), tetapi disebabkan karena lingkungan yang religius, akhlak santri, interaksi yang harmonis dan perhatian pimpinan, 3) Budaya ukhuwah, tafaqquh fi al din, uswah hasanah,tarbiyah keikhlasan dan pengabdian, dan tabarrukan, menjadi budaya organisasi yang mampu memberikan kepuasan kerja bagi guru-guru. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah budaya organisasi pondok pesantren khalafiyah dapat memberikan kepuasan kerja guru melalui proses pembentukan, internalisasi dan sosialisasi budaya, menjadi power dan self control yang berorientasi pada proses dan hasil, dengan sistem koordinasi, integrasi, konsistensi dan stabilitas, yang mewujudkan rasa nyaman karena guru-guru merasa diakui dan dihargai. Perasaan nyaman tersebut melahirkan loyalitas, komitmen, dedikasi dan profesionalitas. Indikasi tersebut mampu meningkatkan kinerja, yang mengindikasikan rasa puas

Status of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among prisoners in the Middle East and North Africa: review and synthesis.

INTRODUCTION: The status of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among incarcerated populations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the links between prisons and the HIV epidemic are poorly understood. This review synthesized available HIV and HCV data in prisons in MENA and highlighted opportunities for action. METHODS: The review was based on data generated through the systematic searches of the MENA HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Synthesis Project (2003 to December 15, 2015) and the MENA HCV Epidemiology Synthesis Project (2011 to December 15, 2015). Sources of data included peer-reviewed publications and country-level reports and databases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We estimated a population of 496,000 prisoners in MENA, with drug-related offences being a major cause for incarceration. Twenty countries had data on HIV among incarcerated populations with a median prevalence of 0.6% in Afghanistan, 6.1% in Djibouti, 0.01% in Egypt, 2.5% in Iran, 0% in Iraq, 0.1% in Jordan, 0.05% in Kuwait, 0.7% in Lebanon, 18.0% in Libya, 0.7% in Morocco, 0.3% in Oman, 1.1% in Pakistan, 0% in Palestine, 1.2% in Saudi Arabia, 0% in Somalia, 5.3% in Sudan and South Sudan, 0.04% in Syria, 0.05% in Tunisia, and 3.5% in Yemen. Seven countries had data on HCV, with a median prevalence of 1.7% in Afghanistan, 23.6% in Egypt, 28.1% in Lebanon, 15.6% in Pakistan, and 37.8% in Iran. Syria and Libya had only one HCV prevalence measure each at 1.5% and 23.7%, respectively. There was strong evidence for injecting drug use and the use of non-sterile injecting-equipment in prisons. Incarceration and injecting drugs, use of non-sterile injecting-equipment, and tattooing in prisons were found to be independent risk factors for HIV or HCV infections. High levels of sexual risk behaviour, tattooing and use of non-sterile razors among prisoners were documented. CONCLUSIONS: Prisons play an important role in HIV and HCV dynamics in MENA and have facilitated the emergence of large HIV epidemics in at least two countries, Iran and Pakistan. There is evidence for substantial but variable HIV and HCV prevalence, as well as risk behaviour including injecting drug use and unprotected sex among prisoners across countries. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive harm-reduction strategies in prisons

Molecular testing for Lynch syndrome in people with colorectal cancer: systematic reviews and economic evaluation

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.BACKGROUND: Inherited mutations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) mismatch repair (MMR) genes lead to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), gynaecological cancers and other cancers, known as Lynch syndrome (LS). Risk-reducing interventions can be offered to individuals with known LS-causing mutations. The mutations can be identified by comprehensive testing of the MMR genes, but this would be prohibitively expensive in the general population. Tumour-based tests - microsatellite instability (MSI) and MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) - are used in CRC patients to identify individuals at high risk of LS for genetic testing. MLH1 (MutL homologue 1) promoter methylation and BRAF V600E testing can be conducted on tumour material to rule out certain sporadic cancers. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether testing for LS in CRC patients using MSI or IHC (with or without MLH1 promoter methylation testing and BRAF V600E testing) is clinically effective (in terms of identifying Lynch syndrome and improving outcomes for patients) and represents a cost-effective use of NHS resources. REVIEW METHODS: Systematic reviews were conducted of the published literature on diagnostic test accuracy studies of MSI and/or IHC testing for LS, end-to-end studies of screening for LS in CRC patients and economic evaluations of screening for LS in CRC patients. A model-based economic evaluation was conducted to extrapolate long-term outcomes from the results of the diagnostic test accuracy review. The model was extended from a model previously developed by the authors. RESULTS: Ten studies were identified that evaluated the diagnostic test accuracy of MSI and/or IHC testing for identifying LS in CRC patients. For MSI testing, sensitivity ranged from 66.7% to 100.0% and specificity ranged from 61.1% to 92.5%. For IHC, sensitivity ranged from 80.8% to 100.0% and specificity ranged from 80.5% to 91.9%. When tumours showing low levels of MSI were treated as a positive result, the sensitivity of MSI testing increased but specificity fell. No end-to-end studies of screening for LS in CRC patients were identified. Nine economic evaluations of screening for LS in CRC were identified. None of the included studies fully matched the decision problem and hence a new economic evaluation was required. The base-case results in the economic evaluation suggest that screening for LS in CRC patients using IHC, BRAF V600E and MLH1 promoter methylation testing would be cost-effective at a threshold of £20,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for this strategy was £11,008 per QALY compared with no screening. Screening without tumour tests is not predicted to be cost-effective. LIMITATIONS: Most of the diagnostic test accuracy studies identified were rated as having a risk of bias or were conducted in unrepresentative samples. There was no direct evidence that screening improves long-term outcomes. No probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic review evidence suggests that MSI- and IHC-based testing can be used to identify LS in CRC patients, although there was heterogeneity in the methods used in the studies identified and the results of the studies. There was no high-quality empirical evidence that screening improves long-term outcomes and so an evidence linkage approach using modelling was necessary. Key determinants of whether or not screening is cost-effective are the accuracy of tumour-based tests, CRC risk without surveillance, the number of relatives identified for cascade testing, colonoscopic surveillance effectiveness and the acceptance of genetic testing. Future work should investigate screening for more causes of hereditary CRC and screening for LS in endometrial cancer patients. STUDY REGISTRATION: This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016033879. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.Funding for this study was provided by the Health Technology Assessment programme of the National Institute for Health Researc

The functional status of disease surveillance and notification system at the local government level in Yobe state, Nigeria

No Abstract

Effect of abdominal waste on biogas production from cow dung

Studies have been carried out on the production of biogas from mixture of cow abdominal waste and its dung. The rate of biogas production and cumulative volume of the gas produced was compared with that of pure cow dung under the same experimental conditions. The result shows that the mixture of the cow abdominal waste and its dung started yielding biogas within 24hours. The pure dung started producing appreciable biogas after 7 days. The result further indicates that the cumulative volume of biogas produced was dependant on the amount of pure cow dung. The fresh and digested materials were analysed for percentage composition of C, N, P, K, total solids, volatile matter and ash content.Keywords: biogas, abdominal waste, cow dung, anaerobic digestion, physicochemical analysis, and bacteriaBotswana Journal of Technology Vol 14(1) 2005: 21-2

Do consumers' preferences for improved provision of malaria treatment services differ by their socio-economic status and geographic location? A study in southeast Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Improvement of utilization of malaria treatment services will depend on provision of treatment services that different population groups of consumers prefer and would want to use. Treatment of malaria in Nigeria is still problematic and this contributes to worsening burden of the disease in the country. Therefore this study explores the socio-economic and geographic differences in consumers' preferences for improved treatment of malaria in Southeast Nigeria and how the results can be used to improve the deployment of malaria treatment services. METHODS: This study was undertaken in Anambra state, Southeast Nigeria in three rural and three urban areas. A total of 2,250 randomly selected householders were interviewed using a pre tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Preferences were elicited using both a rating scale and ranking of different treatment provision sources by the respondents. A socio-economic status (SES) index was used to examine for SES differences, whilst urban-rural comparison was used to examine for geographic differences, in preferences. RESULTS: The most preferred source of provision of malaria treatment services was public hospitals (30.5%), training of mothers (19%) and treatment in Primary healthcare centres (18.1%). Traditional healers (4.8%) and patent medicine dealers (4.2%) were the least preferred strategies for improving malaria treatment. Some of the preferences differed by SES and by a lesser extent, the geographic location of the respondents. CONCLUSION: Preferences for provision of improved malaria treatment services were influenced by SES and by geographic location. There should be re-invigoration of public facilities for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of malaria, in addition to improving the financial and geographic accessibility of such facilities. Training of mothers should be encouraged but home management will not work if the quality of services of patent medicine dealers and pharmacy shops where drugs for home management are purchased are not improved. Therefore, there is the need for a holistic improvement of malaria treatment services