Changes in evapotranspiration, transpiration and evaporation across natural and managed landscapes in the Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes

Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) can dramatically affect the magnitude, seasonality and main drivers of evaporation (E) and transpiration (T), together as evapotranspiration (ET), with effects on overall ecosystem function, as well as both the hydrological cycle and climate system at multiple scales. Our understanding of tropical ecosystem responses to LULCC and global change processes is still limited, mainly due to a lack of ground-based observations that cover a variety of ecosystems, land-uses and land-covers. In this study, we used a network of nine eddy covariance flux towers installed in natural (forest, savanna, wetland) and managed systems (rainfed and irrigated cropland, pastureland) to explore how LULCC affects ET and its components in the Amazon, Cerrado and Pantanal biomes. At each site, tower-based ET measurements were partitioned into T and E to investigate how these fluxes varied between different land-uses and seasons. We found that ET, T and E decreased significantly during the dry season, except in Amazon forest ecosystems where T rates were maintained throughout the year. In contrast to Amazon forests, Cerrado and Pantanal ecosystems showed stronger stomatal control during the dry season. Cropland and pasture sites had lower ET and T compared to native vegetation in all biomes, but E was greater in Pantanal pasture when compared to Pantanal forest. The T fraction of ET was correlated with LAI and EVI, but relationships were weaker in Amazon forests. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the effects of LULCC on water fluxes in tropical ecosystems, and the implications for climate change mitigation policies and land management

Measurement of (anti)deuteron and (anti)proton production in DIS at HERA

The first observation of (anti)deuterons in deep inelastic scattering at HERA has been made with the ZEUS detector at a centre-of-mass energy of 300--318 GeV using an integrated luminosity of 120 pb-1. The measurement was performed in the central rapidity region for transverse momentum per unit of mass in the range 0.3<p_T/M<0.7. The particle rates have been extracted and interpreted in terms of the coalescence model. The (anti)deuteron production yield is smaller than the (anti)proton yield by approximately three orders of magnitude, consistent with the world measurements.Comment: 26 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, submitted to Nucl. Phys.

Mathematical Aspects of the Periodic Law

We review different studies of the Periodic Law and the set of chemical elements from a mathematical point of view. This discussion covers the first attempts made in the 19th century up to the present day. Mathematics employed to study the periodic system includes number theory, information theory, order theory, set theory and topology. Each theory used shows that it is possible to provide the Periodic Law with a mathematical structure. We also show that it is possible to study the chemical elements taking advantage of their phenomenological properties, and that it is not always necessary to reduce the concept of chemical elements to the quantum atomic concept to be able to find interpretations for the Periodic Law. Finally, a connection is noted between the lengths of the periods of the Periodic Law and the philosophical Pythagorean doctrine.Comment: 20 pages, PDF fil

Measurement of dijet photoproduction for events with a leading neutron at HERA

Differential cross sections for dijet photoproduction and this process in association with a leading neutron, e+ + p -> e+ + jet + jet + X (+ n), have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 40 pb-1. The fraction of dijet events with a leading neutron was studied as a function of different jet and event variables. Single- and double-differential cross sections are presented as a function of the longitudinal fraction of the proton momentum carried by the leading neutron, xL, and of its transverse momentum squared, pT^2. The dijet data are compared to inclusive DIS and photoproduction results; they are all consistent with a simple pion-exchange model. The neutron yield as a function of xL was found to depend only on the fraction of the proton beam energy going into the forward region, independent of the hard process. No firm conclusion can be drawn on the presence of rescattering effects.Comment: 40 pages, 18 figure

Deep inelastic inclusive and diffractive scattering at Q2Q^2 values from 25 to 320 GeV2^2 with the ZEUS forward plug calorimeter

Deep inelastic scattering and its diffractive component, $ep \to e^{\prime}\gamma^* p \to e^{\prime}XN$, have been studied at HERA with the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of 52.4 pb$^{-1}$. The $M_X$ method has been used to extract the diffractive contribution. A wide range in the centre-of-mass energy $W$ (37 -- 245 GeV), photon virtuality $Q^2$ (20 -- 450 GeV$^2$) and mass $M_X$ (0.28 -- 35 GeV) is covered. The diffractive cross section for $2 < M_X < 15$ GeV rises strongly with $W$, the rise becoming steeper as $Q^2$ increases. The data are also presented in terms of the diffractive structure function, $F^{\rm D(3)}_2$, of the proton. For fixed $Q^2$ and fixed $M_X$, \xpom F^{\rm D(3)}_2 shows a strong rise as \xpom \to 0, where \xpom is the fraction of the proton momentum carried by the Pomeron. For Bjorken-$x < 1 \cdot 10^{-3}$, \xpom F^{\rm D(3)}_2 shows positive $\log Q^2$ scaling violations, while for $x \ge 5 \cdot 10^{-3}$ negative scaling violations are observed. The diffractive structure function is compatible with being leading twist. The data show that Regge factorisation is broken.Comment: 89 pages, 27 figure

Mortalidad y desenlaces clínicos en pacientes críticamente enfermos con infecciones por bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas en un hospital de alta complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia

9 páginasIntroduction: Microorganisms able to produce carbapenemases are spreading worldwide and have become a concerning global public-health problem. In Colombia, the Gram-negative resistance to carbapenems at intensive care units is currently increasing and its impact on clinical outcomes is not well known. Objectives: To determine the demographic, clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill adult patients with infection by carbapenemase producing bacteria in a polyvalent intensive care unit of a highly complex institution. Methods: Single-center retrospective, descriptive observational study including critically ill adult patients infected by carbapenemase-producing bacteria and transferred to a polyvalent intensive care unit from January 1th 2014 to January 1th 2018. Known colonized patients were excluded. Clinical complications, ICU and in-hospital days of stay were evaluated, as ICU and in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 58 patients were included. Overall mortality was 67.2%, of which 55.17% died during their stay in the intensive care unit and 12.06% in hospitalization. The median stay in the intensive care unit was 18 days (IQR 4-28). The most frequent cause of death was septic shock in 51% and the most common complications were acute renal injury and delirium in 55.2% and 43.1%, respectively. The median stay in the ICU was 18 days (RIQ 4-28). Conclusions: Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria in critically ill patients are associated with high mortality rates, complications and long stay in ICU. © 2021 Asociacion Colombiana de Infectologia. All rights reserved

Variabilidade espacial e temporal da resistência mecânica do solo à penetração em áreas com e sem manejo químico localizado Spatial and temporal variability of the soil mechanical resistance to penetration in areas with and without site-specific chemical application

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento das variabilidades (espacial e temporal) por meio da técnica de escalonamento de semivariogramas, da variável resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RMSP) nas camadas de 0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,3 m, para os anos de 1999 a 2001, sob duas formas de manejo: com manejo químico localizado (CML) e sem manejo químico localizado (SML). Os resultados demonstraram que a variável RMSP apresentou variabilidade espacial com comportamento distinto, conforme a camada e o ano de estudo. A variável RMSP apresentou variabilidade temporal tanto nas parcelas CML quanto nas parcelas SML. As duas formas de manejo (com manejo químico localizado (CML) e sem manejo químico localizado (SML)) não influenciaram o comportamento espacial da variável resistência mecânica do solo à penetração (RMSP). O escalonamento dos semivariogramas reduziu o tempo computacional de ajuste dos modelos, não apresentando diferenças no comportamento e amplitude da variabilidade espacial em relação aos semivariogramas não escalonados.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of the spatial and temporal variabilities with the technique of rescaling semivariograms. Study variable was the soil mechanical resistance to penetration (SMRP) in the layers 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3 m for the years of 1999 to 2001, under two management systems: with (WSS) and without site-specific nutrient management (NoSS). Results demonstrated that the variable SMRP presented spatial variability with different behavior, according to the soil layer and study year. The variable SMRP presented temporal variability in both management systems. These two systems did not influence the space behavior of the study variable (RMSP). Reescaling of the semivariograms reduced the computing time of model adjustment, and did not present differences in behavior or range of the space variability compared to the not rescaled semivariograms

Influência da direção de semeadura do milho nas variáveis reflectância e índice de vegetação verde normalizado Influence of the row direction of corn on the reflectance and green normalized difference vegetation index

Com este trabalho, objetivou-se estudar a influência da direção de semeadura do milho (Zea Mays L.) na sua reflectância na banda 550 nm (r550) e no Índice de Vegetação Verde da Diferença Normalizado - IVVDN, visando fornecer informações necessárias à viabilização de um sistema de aplicação localizada de nitrogênio (N) em tempo real. O sistema de semeadura utilizado foi o direto, administrando-se os nutrientes de acordo com análise do solo e com uma taxa de N de 160 kg ha-1. As linhas de semeadura foram localizadas na direção Norte-Sul e Leste-Oeste. Conclui-se que o milho semeado na direção Leste-Oeste apresentou valores para reflectância r550 e índice de vegetação IVVDN menores e menos dependente da hora do dia que o milho semeado na direção Norte-Sul. O IVVDN mostrou-se mais apropriado para uso em sistemas de aplicação de fertilizantes a taxas variáveis em tempo real utilizando-se técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, por se mostrar menos sensível á direção de semeadura.<br>The objective of this work was to study the influence of the row direction of corn (Zea mays) on its spectral properties measured in the field, including the green normalized difference vegetation index (Green NDVI). Spectral properties of corn are known to be related to the nitrogen (N) status of the corn and may form the basis for real-time site-specific rates of N application. Row direction effects on spectral properties may be substantial before canopy closure. If so, it will be necessary to account for these effects in order to accurately predict the N need of corn from spectral measurements. Corn was planted directly, with no tillage, in North-South (NS) and East-West (EW) oriented rows. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate at a rate of 160 kg N ha-1. Reflectance was measured with spectral radiometers placed 30 cm above individual plants. Reflectance and green NDVI were bly dependent on time of day for corn in NS rows, and much less so for corn in EW rows. Reflectance and green NDVI were lower for corn in EW rows than corn in NS rows, but lack of replication makes it difficult to be certain that this was due to row direction. Green NDVI was less sensitive than reflectance to row direction and therefore may be more appropriate for use in a real-time variable-rate nitrogen application system