Initial stage of cross-cultural adaptation to Portuguese of Brazil of the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (HIV-K-Q)

Modelo do estudo: Transversal. Objetivo do estudo: Adaptar o HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (HIVK-Q) do inglês para o português do Brasil. Metodologia: A Adaptação Transcultural seguiu os passos metodológicos definidos por Reichenheim e constou das seguintes etapas: equivalência conceitual e de itens, equivalência semântica e equivalência operacional. A validade aparente e a validade de conteúdo foram avaliadas por seis juízes. A validade de conteúdo foi calculada pelo Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo de cada item (CVCc) e para o questionário como um todo (CVCt). Foi realizada uma aplicação dialogada por meio de grupos focais com 15 universitários e 15 usuários de centros comunitários. Resultados: Dos 45 itens do instrumento original, quatro apresentaram baixa validade de conteúdo (CVCc<0,80), sendo que dois itens (25 e 31) foram retirados. O CVCt foi 0,82 para clareza da linguagem, 0,93 para pertinência prática e 0,90 para relevância teórica. Para os critérios de amplitude e equilíbrio foram iguais a 0,90. Os itens que apresentaram problemas de compreensão foram devidamente retificados de acordo com as sugestões dos juízes e dos grupos focais. Conclusão: A versão proposta apresenta itens satisfatórios e apropriados para utilizações em avaliações psicométricas futuras, as quais permitirão demonstrar dados sobre a aplicabilidade do questionário para avaliar o conhecimento sobre o HIV/AidsStudy design: cross-sectional. Objective: to adapt the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (HIV-KQ) from English to Portuguese of Brazil. Methodology: the Cross-Cultural Adaptation followed the methodological steps defined by Reichenheim and consisted of the following steps: conceptual and items equivalence, semantic equivalence and operational equivalence. The apparent validity and content validity was assessed by six judges. The content validity was calculated by Content Validity coefficient for each item (CVCc) and for all questionnaire (CVCt). The dialogued application was carried out by focus groups with 15 college students and 15 users of community centers. Results: Of the 45 items of the original instrument, four present lower content validity (CVCc <0.80), being that two items (25 and 31) were removed. The CVCt was 0.82 to clarity of language, 0.93 to practice relevance and 0.90 theoretical relevance. For amplitude and balance criteria were equal to 0.90. Items that showed understanding problems were corrected according to suggestions of judges and focal groups. Conclusion: The proposed version presents satisfactory items and suitable for use in psychometric assessments in the future, which will demonstrate data about the applicability of the questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge about HIV/AID

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus types in women attending at University hospital in southern Brazil

Study design: cross-sectional. Objective: To determine the HPV prevalence and genotypes in women treated at University Hospital in southern Brazil. Methodology: Cervical cells samples from 200 women were collected. HPV was detected by nested polymerase chain reaction and genotypes were determined by sequencing. Variables were analyzed by the Fisher Exact Test and Chi-squared test of Pearson (X²) with a significance level of ≤ 5%. The strength of association was calculated by the prevalence ratio, with their confidence intervals at 95%. Multivariate analysis was calculated by Binary Logistic Regression for variables with P <0.20 Results: HPV DNA was detected in 55 women (27.5%). HPV prevalence was associate with income (P =0.01), early initiation of sexual life (P <0.001), pregnant (P = 0. 002), HIV- 1 infection (P = 0. 001) and koilocytosis presence in cytological test (P =0.006). Were found an association between serological status for HIV-1 and the genotypes HPV–33 (P =0.001) and HPV–68 (P <0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that HPV prevalence was associated with patients who had early initiation of sexual life (P =0.001), was infected by HIV–1 (P = 0.01), was pregnant (P = 0.02), and women with koilocytosis in cytological test (P =0.01). Genotypes were 90.4% higher-risk oncogenic (18 HPV–18, 14 HPV–16, four HPV–53, three HPV–31, two HPV–58, two HPV–59, two HPV–68, one HPV–33 and one HPV–52) and 9.6% low-risk (two HPV–11, two HPV–16 and one HPV–70). Conclusions: This study had the HPV prevalence similar to prevalence described in this region. The high-risk HPV genotypes were the most prevalent, being HPV–18 the main viral type found.Modelo do estudo: Transversal. Objetivo do estudo: Determinar a prevalência e os genótipos do HPV em mulheres atendidas em um Hospital Universitário no Sul do Brasil. Metodologia: Foram coletadas amostras de secreções cérvico-vaginal de 200 mulheres. O HPV foi detectado pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase aninhada e os genótipos por sequenciamento. As variáveis foram analisadas pelo Teste Exato de Fisher e pelo Chi-quadrado de Pearson com o nível de significância < 5%. A força de associação foi calculada pela razão de prevalência e os seus intervalos de confiança a 95%. A análise Multivariada foi calculada pela Regressão Logística Binária para as variáveis com P <0,20. Resultados: O DNA do HPV foi detectado em 55 mulheres (27,5%). A prevalência do HPV foi associada a baixa renda (P =0,01), o início sexual precoce (P <0,001), a gestação (P = 0, 002), a infecção pelo HIV–1 (P = 0, 001) e a coilocitose no exame citopatológico (P =0,006). Houve associação entre o status sorológico para o HIV–1 e os genótipos HPV–33 (P =0,001) e HPV–68 (P <0,001). Na análise multivariada, a prevalência do HPV foi associada ao início sexual precoce (P =0,001), a infecção pelo HIV–1 (P =0,01), a gestação (P =0,02) e a coilocitose no citopatológico (P =0,01). Sobre os genótipos, 90,4% eram de alto risco oncogênico (18 HPV–18, 14 HPV–16, quatro HPV–53, três HPV–31, dois HPV–58, dois HPV–59, dois HPV–68, um HPV–33 e um HPV–52) e 9,6% de baixo risco (dois HPV–11, dois HPV–16 e um HPV– 70). Conclusões: Esse estudo teve a prevalência do HPV semelhante à prevalência descrita para esta região. Os genótipos do HPV de alto risco foram os mais prevalentes, sendo o HPV–18 o principal tipo viral encontrad

Ultrasonographic measurements of kidney fat thickness and Longissimus muscle area in predicting body composition of pregnant goats

Non-invasive methods for estimating body composition to monitor nutritional status in goats have been less studied. Therefore, this study estimated the body composition and fat depots of pregnant goats by using indirect measurements, such as bodyweight (BW) and ultrasound measurements of the Longissimus muscle area (LMA) and kidney fat thickness (KFT). Forty-three pregnant goats were slaughtered at 50, 80, 110 and 140 days of gestation to determine the gross energy and fat content in the body, as well as to obtain the mass of renal fat, omental fat and non-carcass fat. After the slaughter, the mass of fat depots was recorded and the whole body of the each animal was ground to take samples for determining gross energy (using a bomb calorimeter) and fat (Soxhlet extraction with ether). Animals were weighed, and ultrasonographic measurements were taken at the time of slaughter. The LMA and KFT measurements were taken between the 12th and 13th rib and after the 13th rib space, respectively, and these measurements were used to estimate total gross energy, body fat content and the renal fat, omental fat and non-carcass fat mass. Multiple regressions were performed using Proc mixed of SAS. No significant correlation was observed between gross energy and body fat composition, the number of fetuses or the days of gestation. LMA and BW were positively related to body fat and gross energy contents. KFT and BW showed a positive correlation with renal fat depots, omental fat content and non-carcass fat mass. The estimated models revealed that the total body fat increased from 15.6% to 20.8% of bodyweight from 50 to 140 days of gestation. This report is the first study using kidney fat thickness as a tool to predict fat depots in goats. LMA, BW and KFT measurements will enable the development of models to aid in the monitoring of the nutritional status of goats during pregnancy.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved