Digital privacy – metaphorical conceptualization of the 'right to be forgotten'

Mastergradsoppgave i digital kommunikasjon og kultur, Avdeling for lærerutdanning og naturvitenskap, Høgskolen i Hedmark, 2014.English: Although the problem of digital privacy is one of the most discussed issues today, there is relatively little research done in the sphere of metaphorical conceptualization of digital privacy. Moreover, the previous research on the topic is characterized by a generalized approach to the analyzed metaphors: Modern privacy discourse is discussed in general without a more defined focus of the analyzed topic. The aim of this thesis is to investigate metaphorical conceptions about digital privacy in a media discourse dedicated to a specific aspect of digital privacy, namely the “right to be forgotten”. The metaphorical conceptions are examined within the framework of the discourse dynamic approach which sees metaphor as an important tool for understanding people’s conceptualizations and studies metaphor in the dynamics of language use. The thesis focuses on identifying linguistic metaphors and finding systematicity in their usage in 10 newspaper articles dedicated to the topic of “the right to be forgotten”. The results of the metaphor analysis indicate that there are two main types of systematic metaphors used about different aspects of digital privacy within the “right to be forgotten”: (1) conventionalized systematic metaphors that underlie our understanding of digital privacy, and (2) more specific systematic metaphors that reveal attitudes and evaluations about current digital privacy issues. It is found that the most interesting systematic metaphors reveal how the relationship between data subjects and data controllers is presented in the media: These metaphors are united by conceptualizing data subjects and data controllers as opposing sides and by conceptualizing data controllers as a stronger party. The results also reveal that some of the metaphors which underlie the understanding of information in “the right to be forgotten” initiative, create major misconceptions of how information on the Internet exists and what limitations individuals have in relation to it. It is also discovered that none of the traditional conceptions of privacy discussed in previous research was found in the analyzed data. The conclusion is that the general framework might not always be reflected in discussing particular privacy issues. Thus, further examination of more specific aspects of digital privacy might give unexpected results.Norsk: Selv om digitalt personvern er et av de mest diskuterte spørsmålene i dag, er det relativt lite forskning på området metaforisk konseptualisering av digitalt personvern. Dessuten er den eksisterende forskningen preget av en generell tilnærming til metaforene som analyseres: Det moderne personvernet blir diskutert allment og uten et spesifikt fokus på temaet. Målet ved denne oppgaven er å undersøke metaforiske begreper om digitalt personvern i en medial diskurs om et spesielt aspekt ved digital peronvern, nemlig «retten til å bli glemt». De metaforiske begrepene er undersøkt innenfor rammen av en diskurs-dynamisk tilnærming som ser metaforen som et viktig verktøy til å forstå menneskers konseptualiseringer, og som studerer metaforen i språkbruksdynamisk perspektiv. Avhandlingen har fokus på identifisering av lingvistiske metaforer og avdekking av systematikk i bruken av dem i 10 avisartikler om «retten til å bli glemt». Resultatene av metaforanalysen viser at det er to hovedtyper av systematiske metaforer som blir brukt om forskjellige aspekter ved digitalt personvern når temaet er «retten til å bli glemt»: (1) konvensjonelle systematiske metaforer som ligger til grunn for vår forståelse av digitalt personvern, og (2) mer spesifikke systematiske metaforer som avdekker holdninger og vurderinger knyttet til aktuelle temaer som gjelder digitalt personvern. Det viser seg at de mest interessante systematiske metaforene avdekker hvordan forholdet mellom datasubjekter («data subjects») og datakontrollører («data controllers») er presentert i mediene. Disse metaforene har det til felles at de konseptualiserer datasubjekter og datakontrollører som motparter, og at de konseptualiserer datakontrollører som den sterkeste parten. Resultatene avdekker også at noen av metaforene som ligger til grunn for forståelsen av informasjon innenfor «retten til å bli glemt»-temaet, skaper store misfortåelser om hvordan informasjon eksisterer på nettet, og hvilke begrensninger individer har i forhold til den. Ingen av de tradisjonelle begrepene om personvern omtalt i tidligere forskning ble funnet i det analyserte datamaterialet. Konklusjonen er at det er mulig at det generelle rammeverket ikke alltid gjenspeiles i diskusjoner om spesielle spørsmål innenfor personvern. Dermed vil videre forskning på mer spesifikke aspekter ved digitalt personvern kunne gi uventede resultater

THE STUDY OF THERMAL PROCESSES IN FISH&PLANT SEMI-PRODUCTS

The water-holding ability and forms of connection in fish&plant semi-products were experimentally studied using derivatograph Q-1500 D by «МОМ» of Paulik-Paulik-Erdey system (Hungry). Using the methods of thermogravimetry methods in experimental samples was synchronously measured the temperature (Т), change of mass (TG), speed of temperature change (DTG) and change of thermal capacity (DТА). According to derivatograms the volume of the mass loss (Δm) and derivative change of DGT mass of the studied sample at correspondent temperature were determined. The thermal resistance of samples was assessed by the methods of thermogravimetry (by admissible mass loss that takes place at certain temperature) and differential-thermal analysis (by thermal effects that attend the chemical transformations of macromolecules, which intensity depends on temperature). According to the results of thermogravimetric and differential-thermal examination there was carried out the comparative characterization of the quantity of absorption- and capillary bound water in studied samples of fish&plant semi-products and also determined the value of activation energy of water molecules at different temperatures of water removing. The dependence of DTG samples was divided in peaks using Gauss distribution. According to the analysis of DTG peaks the quantity of osmotic- and absorption-bound water was determined in the samples of minces, produced on the base of complex of raw and preliminary thermally processed muscular, connective and bone tissues of Azov goby (Neogobius melanostomus). The received results give a possibility to understand better the structural changes that take place in the process of drying of fish&plant semi-products. They can be used for optimization of the process of drying of fish&plant semi-products and prognostication of their technological behavior in the different food systems and at storage.&nbsp

Future Teachers Forming Professional Expectations in Modern Educational Conditions

The relevance of the present study lies in improving the training of future teachers, an issue of particular importance during a pandemic. The authors aim to identify the level of professional expectations of future teachers and determine the necessary conditions for them to be upgraded. Study objective: The study was focused on evaluating the level of professional expectations of future teachers (PEFT) and revealing conditions catering for its improvement. Methodology: Both theoretical and empirical methods were used in the study: based on literature review the authors compiled PEFT components (motivational, emotional, cognitive, and value-semantic) and the substantial characteristics of these components were listed. In accordance with the selected components, a questionnaire was designed to identify the actual level of professional expectations among students. The experiment results were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Experiment results: The study reveals the role of professional expectations in raising the efficiency of teachers’ professional activities. PEFT components and substantial features have been established. Recommendations are provided to elicit positive PEFT formation using the University educational environment.  The practical implications of the study: The nuances of professional expectations development among future teachers have been identified. When organizing professional education, these nuances should be considered for increased effectiveness and for greater success of graduates in their professional activities

THE STUDY OF THERMAL PROCESSES IN FISH&PLANT SEMI-PRODUCTS

The water-holding ability and forms of connection in fish&plant semi-products were experimentally studied using derivatograph Q-1500 D by «МОМ» of Paulik-Paulik-Erdey system (Hungry). Using the methods of thermogravimetry methods in experimental samples was synchronously measured the temperature (Т), change of mass (TG), speed of temperature change (DTG) and change of thermal capacity (DТА). According to derivatograms the volume of the mass loss (Δm) and derivative change of DGT mass of the studied sample at correspondent temperature were determined. The thermal resistance of samples was assessed by the methods of thermogravimetry (by admissible mass loss that takes place at certain temperature) and differential-thermal analysis (by thermal effects that attend the chemical transformations of macromolecules, which intensity depends on temperature).According to the results of thermogravimetric and differential-thermal examination there was carried out the comparative characterization of the quantity of absorption- and capillary bound water in studied samples of fish&plant semi-products and also determined the value of activation energy of water molecules at different temperatures of water removing. The dependence of DTG samples was divided in peaks using Gauss distribution. According to the analysis of DTG peaks the quantity of osmotic- and absorption-bound water was determined in the samples of minces, produced on the base of complex of raw and preliminary thermally processed muscular, connective and bone tissues of Azov goby (Neogobius melanostomus). The received results give a possibility to understand better the structural changes that take place in the process of drying of fish&plant semi-products. They can be used for optimization of the process of drying of fish&plant semi-products and prognostication of their technological behavior in the different food systems and at storage.

Selective Role of TNFα and IL10 in Regulation of Barrier Properties of the Colon in DMH-Induced Tumor and Healthy Rats

Recently it has been reported that the tumor adjacent colon tissues of 1,2-dymethylhydrazine induced (DMH)-rats revealed a high paracellular permeability. We hypothesized that the changes might be induced by cytokines. Colorectal cancer is accompanied by an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 10 (IL10) that exert opposite regulatory effects on barrier properties of the colon, which is characterized by morphological and functional segmental heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to analyze the level of TNFα and IL10 in the colon segments of DMH-rats and to investigate their effects on barrier properties of the proximal and distal parts of the colon in healthy rats. Enzyme immunoassay analysis showed decreased TNFα in tumors in the distal part of the colon and increased IL10 in proximal tumors and in non-tumor tissues. Four-hour intraluminal exposure of the colon of healthy rats with cytokines showed reduced colon barrier function dependent on the cytokine: TNFα decreased it mainly in the distal part of the colon, whereas IL10 decreased it only in the proximal part. Western blot analysis revealed a more pronounced influence of IL10 on tight junction (TJ) proteins expression by down-regulation of the TJ proteins claudin-1, -2 and -4, and up-regulation of occludin only in the proximal part of the colon. These data may indicate a selective role of the cytokines in regulation of the barrier properties of the colon and a prominent role of IL10 in carcinogenesis in its proximal part

Situational modelling of oil pollution risks monitored by distributed monitoring

The work is studying the distributed system of natural environment monitoring points. The purpose of the study is to solve two main problems of optimization: a) optimization of risks of emergency events; b) optimal cessation of environmental monitoring, which allows to reduce the costs of observation. Monitoring of the environment contaminated with petroleum products is relevant. Traditionally used methods and monitoring itself are expensive and technological complex mechanisms, often requiring satellite data. When studying environmental pollution, it is important to consider situational risks and stochastic irreversible changes in nature. For this purpose, it is necessary to apply the methods and methodology of the system approach, which are used in the article for analysis of complex data structures and entropy of the system. For the informativeness of less long monitoring, it's represented by four main subsystems (capture, operation, selection and decision-making) and evaluated using an information-entropy approach. The work will solve the practical task of monitoring the contaminated environment

Application of ESI FT-ICR MS to Study Kraft Lignin Modification by the Exoenzymes of the White Rot Basidiomycete Fungus TrametesHirsutaLE-BIN 072

Trameteshirsuta is a wood rotting fungus that possesses a vast array of lignin degrading enzymes, including7 laccases, 7 ligninolyticmanganese peroxidases, 9 lignin peroxidases and 2 versatile peroxidases. In this study,electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS)was used to examine kraft lignin modification by the enzymatic system of this fungus.The observed pattern of lignin modification suggested that before the 6th day of cultivation,the fungal enzymatic system tended to degrade more oxidized moleculesand, hence, less recalcitrant molecules, with the production of hard-to-modify reduced molecular species. At some point after the 6th day of cultivation,the fungal enzymatic system tended to degrade more oxidized moleculesand, hence, less recalcitrant molecules, with the production of hard-to-modify reduced molecular species. At some point after the 6th day of cultivation,the fungus started to degrade less oxidized, more recalcitrant, compounds, converting them into the more oxidized forms. The altered pattern of lignin modification enabled changes in the fungal enzymatic system. These changes were further attributed to the appearance of the particular ligninolyticmanganese peroxides enzyme(MnP7), which was added by the fungus to the mixture of enzymes that had already been secreted (VP2 and MnP5). Keywords: wood rotting fungi, kraft lignin, mass spectrometry, peroxidase

Risk of hospitalization and death following prostate biopsy in Scotland

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the risk of hospitalization and death following prostate biopsy.Study designRetrospective cohort study.MethodsOur study population comprised 10,285 patients with a record of first ever prostate biopsy between 2009 and 2013 on computerized acute hospital discharge or outpatient records covering Scotland. Using the general population as a comparison group, expected numbers of admissions/deaths were derived by applying age-, sex-, deprivation category-, and calendar year-specific rates of hospital admissions/deaths to the study population. Indirectly standardized hospital admission ratios (SHRs) and mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated by dividing the observed numbers of admissions/deaths by expected numbers.ResultsCompared with background rates, patients were more likely to be admitted to hospital within 30 days (SHR 2.7; 95% confidence interval 2.4, 2.9) and 120 days (SHR 4.0; 3.8, 4.1) of biopsy. Patients with prior co-morbidity had higher SHRs. The risk of death within 30 days of biopsy was not increased significantly (SMR 1.6; 0.9, 2.7), but within 120 days, the risk of death was significantly higher than expected (SMR 1.9; 1.5, 2.4). The risk of death increased with age and tended to be higher among patients with prior co-morbidity. Overall risks of hospitalization and of death up to 120 days were increased both in men diagnosed and those not diagnosed with prostate cancer.ConclusionsHigher rates of adverse events in older patients and patients with prior co-morbidity emphasizes the need for careful patient selection for prostate biopsy and justifies ongoing efforts to minimize the risk of complications