LE BLE, LE TEMPS, L'ENERGIE : THEORIES SOVIETIQUES DE L'ABOLITION DE LA MONNAIE 1917-1921

Right from the beginning, the socialist movement shared a distrust of money and market exchanges, especially certain German social democrats at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.Despite Lenin’s doubts, some Bolsheviks such as Larin and Bukharin believed that naturalization necessitated by hyperinflation and civil war during the War Communism period, was really a precursor to a communist society, which would be moneyless.Under these circumstances, alternative solutions to money had to be found in order to measure the value of different products and apply the economic calculations required for investment planning and distribution of limited resources. The need to protect employees’ rapidly declining purchasing power caused by hyperinflation quickly led to the naturalization of wages, with at least a partial payment “in kind”. At the same time, Chajanov, an agrarian economist, suggested that the Russian economy be seen as a “grandiose natural economy”, which could be directly planned using an accounting system based on natural units, kilograms, cubic meters, etc…by directly comparing the population’s needs with the production capacity.Other economists, such as Strumiline, Varga, Kerve or Shmelev, recommended replacing the failing currency standard with a labor time standard, the only conceivable universal equivalent for economic calculations in a socialist economy. For the occasion, Strumilin elaborated the first optimal planning model that had a social utility function. However, it became impossible to overcome the practical difficulties of putting in place a labor time accounting system. Eventually, the labor-value wound up confined to the role of ideological tool, essential for the device of the political economy of socialism.Led by two economists, M. N. Smit and S. Klepikov, the energy-value was one attempt to introduce a physical measuring unit of energy spent on production as a universal standard. It’s a sort of generalization of the labor-value during a time when mechanization was glorified within the field of economics of course, but also in politics and the arts. Lenin’s famous quote “communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country” is evidence of this, as well as the futurism and constructivism movements. As opposed to the labor-value, the energy-value left no trace in Soviet economic thought.Despite the end of War Communism and the return of market exchanges and a relatively stable currency, the Internationale program in 1928 still listed as its objectives eliminating markets and money and putting in place planning and work vouchers. Orthodoxy was now going to be this affirmation-negation of utopia, this presence-absence of a future that had almost occurred but still in perpetual construction.Dès l’origine, la méfiance envers la monnaie et les relations marchandes est largement partagée au sein du mouvement socialiste, en particulier chez certains sociaux-démocrates allemands à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle. Malgré les réticences de Lénine, quelques bolcheviques comme Larin et Boukharine crurent que la naturalisation imposée par l’hyperinflation et la guerre civile pendant la période du Communisme de Guerre préfigurait réellement la société communiste, où l’argent serait aboli.Dans ces conditions, il était impératif de réfléchir sur des solutions alternatives à la monnaie, pour mesurer la valeur des différents biens produits et pour mener les calculs économiques indispensables à la planification des investissements et de l’affectation des ressources rares.La nécessité de protéger les salariés de l’érosion très rapide de leur pouvoir d’achat par l’hyperinflation a rapidement mené à la naturalisation des salaires, payés au moins partiellement sous forme de « rations ». Parallèlement Chajanov, un économiste agrarien, proposait de considérer l’économie de la Russie comme « une grandiose économie naturelle », qu’il était possible de planifier directement sur la base d’une comptabilité tenue en unités naturelles, kilogrammes, mètres cubes etc … en comparant directement les besoins de la population et les capacités productives.D’autres économistes, comme Strumiline, Varga, Kervé ou Shmelev, proposèrent de remplacer l’étalon monétaire défaillant par un étalon en temps de travail, seul équivalent universel envisageable pour mener à bien un calcul économique dans une économie socialiste. Strumiline élabore à cette occasion le premier modèle de planification optimale doté d’une fonction d’utilité sociale. Cependant, il se révéla impossible de surmonter les difficultés pratiques de mise en œuvre d’une comptabilité en temps de travail. Avec le temps, la valeur-travail finit donc cantonnée au rôle d’outil idéologique essentiel dans le dispositif de l’économie politique du socialisme.La valeur-énergie constitue une tentative, menée par deux économistes M. N. Smit et S. KLEPIKOV, pour introduire comme étalon universel une unité de mesure physique de 1'énergie dépensée dans la production. Il s’agit d’une sorte de généralisation de la valeur travail dans une période où l’exaltation du machinisme traverse le champ économique, certes, mais aussi politique et artistique. En témoignent d’une part la célèbre phrase de Lenine «  le communisme c'est le pouvoir des soviets plus l'électrification de tout le pays » et d’autre part les mouvements futuriste et constructiviste. Au contraire de la valeur-travail, la valeur-énergie ne laissa guère de traces dans la pensée économique soviétique. Malgré la fin du Communisme de Guerre et le retour aux relations marchandes et à une monnaie relativement stable, l'abolition du marché et de la monnaie et l'instauration de la planification et des bons en travail restèrent des objectifs inscrits dans le programme de l'Internationale en 1928. L'orthodoxie allait être dorénavant cette affirmation-négation de l'utopie, cette présence-absence d'un futur presque advenu mais toujours encore en construction

Combination of searches for heavy spin-1 resonances using 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A combination of searches for new heavy spin-1 resonances decaying into different pairings of W, Z, or Higgs bosons, as well as directly into leptons or quarks, is presented. The data sample used corresponds to 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at = 13 TeV collected during 2015–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Analyses selecting quark pairs (qq, bb, , and tb) or third-generation leptons (τν and ττ) are included in this kind of combination for the first time. A simplified model predicting a spin-1 heavy vector-boson triplet is used. Cross-section limits are set at the 95% confidence level and are compared with predictions for the benchmark model. These limits are also expressed in terms of constraints on couplings of the heavy vector-boson triplet to quarks, leptons, and the Higgs boson. The complementarity of the various analyses increases the sensitivity to new physics, and the resulting constraints are stronger than those from any individual analysis considered. The data exclude a heavy vector-boson triplet with mass below 5.8 TeV in a weakly coupled scenario, below 4.4 TeV in a strongly coupled scenario, and up to 1.5 TeV in the case of production via vector-boson fusion

Searches for exclusive Higgs boson decays into D⁎γ and Z boson decays into D0γ and Ks0γ in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Searches for exclusive decays of the Higgs boson into D⁎γ and of the Z boson into D0γ and Ks0γ can probe flavour-violating Higgs boson and Z boson couplings to light quarks. Searches for these decays are performed with a pp collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 136.3 fb−1 collected at s=13TeV between 2016–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. In the D⁎γ and D0γ channels, the observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits on the respective branching fractions are B(H→D⁎γ)<1.0(1.2)×10−3, B(Z→D0γ)<4.0(3.4)×10−6, while the corresponding results in the Ks0γ channel are B(Z→Ks0γ)<3.1(3.0)×10−6

Measurement of vector boson production cross sections and their ratios using pp collisions at √s = 13.6 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Abstract available from publisher's website

Beam-induced backgrounds measured in the ATLAS detector during local gas injection into the LHC beam vacuum

Inelastic beam-gas collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), within a few hundred metres of the ATLAS experiment, are known to give the dominant contribution to beam backgrounds. These are monitored by ATLAS with a dedicated Beam Conditions Monitor (BCM) and with the rate of fake jets in the calorimeters. These two methods are complementary since the BCM probes backgrounds just around the beam pipe while fake jets are observed at radii of up to several metres. In order to quantify the correlation between the residual gas density in the LHC beam vacuum and the experimental backgrounds recorded by ATLAS, several dedicated tests were performed during LHC Run 2. Local pressure bumps, with a gas density several orders of magnitude higher than during normal operation, were introduced at different locations. The changes of beam-related backgrounds, seen in ATLAS, are correlated with the local pressure variation. In addition the rates of beam-gas events are estimated from the pressure measurements and pressure bump profiles obtained from calculations. Using these rates, the efficiency of the ATLAS beam background monitors to detect beam-gas events is derived as a function of distance from the interaction point. These efficiencies and characteristic distributions of fake jets from the beam backgrounds are found to be in good agreement with results of beam-gas simulations performed with theFluka Monte Carlo programme

Combination of searches for heavy spin-1 resonances using 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A combination of searches for new heavy spin-1 resonances decaying into diferent pairings of W, Z, or Higgs bosons, as well as directly into leptons or quarks, is presented. The data sample used corresponds to 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV collected during 2015–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Analyses selecting quark pairs (qq, bb, tt¯, and tb) or third-generation leptons (τν and τ τ ) are included in this kind of combination for the frst time. A simplifed model predicting a spin-1 heavy vector-boson triplet is used. Cross-section limits are set at the 95% confdence level and are compared with predictions for the benchmark model. These limits are also expressed in terms of constraints on couplings of the heavy vector-boson triplet to quarks, leptons, and the Higgs boson. The complementarity of the various analyses increases the sensitivity to new physics, and the resulting constraints are stronger than those from any individual analysis considered. The data exclude a heavy vector-boson triplet with mass below 5.8 TeV in a weakly coupled scenario, below 4.4 TeV in a strongly coupled scenario, and up to 1.5 TeV in the case of production via vector-boson fusion

Combination of searches for heavy spin-1 resonances using 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

A combination of searches for new heavy spin-1 resonances decaying into different pairings of W, Z, or Higgs bosons, as well as directly into leptons or quarks, is presented. The data sample used corresponds to 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV collected during 2015–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Analyses selecting quark pairs (qq, bb, tt¯, and tb) or third-generation leptons (τν and ττ) are included in this kind of combination for the first time. A simplified model predicting a spin-1 heavy vector-boson triplet is used. Cross-section limits are set at the 95% confidence level and are compared with predictions for the benchmark model. These limits are also expressed in terms of constraints on couplings of the heavy vector-boson triplet to quarks, leptons, and the Higgs boson. The complementarity of the various analyses increases the sensitivity to new physics, and the resulting constraints are stronger than those from any individual analysis considered. The data exclude a heavy vector-boson triplet with mass below 5.8 TeV in a weakly coupled scenario, below 4.4 TeV in a strongly coupled scenario, and up to 1.5 TeV in the case of production via vector-boson fusion

Measurements of electroweak W±Z boson pair production in association with two jets in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of integrated and differential cross-sections for electroweak W±Z production in association with two jets (W±Zjj) in proton-proton collisions are presented. The data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider from 2015 to 2018 at a centre-of-mass energy of √ s = 13 TeV are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb−1 . The W±Zjj candidate events are reconstructed using leptonic decay modes of the gauge bosons. Events containing three identified leptons, either electrons or muons, and two jets are selected. Processes involving pure electroweak W±Zjj production at Born level are separated from W±Zjj production involving a strong coupling. The measured integrated fiducial cross-section of electroweak W±Zjj production per lepton flavour is σW Zjj−EW→ℓ ′ νℓℓjj = 0.368 ± 0.037 (stat.) ± 0.059 (syst.) ± 0.003 (lumi.) fb, where ℓ and ℓ ′ are either an electron or a muon. Respective cross-sections of electroweak and strong W±Zjj production are measured separately for events with exactly two jets or with more than two jets, and in three bins of the invariant mass of the two jets. The inclusive W±Zjj production cross-section, without separating electroweak and strong production, is also measured to be σW Zjj→ℓ ′ νℓℓjj = 1.462 ± 0.063 (stat.) ± 0.118 (syst.) ± 0.012 (lumi.) fb, per lepton flavour. The inclusive W±Zjj production cross-section is measured differentially for several kinematic observables. Finally, the measurements are used to constrain anomalous quartic gauge couplings by extracting 95% confidence level intervals on dimension-8 operators