УРОВНИ ГОРМОНОВ, микроРНК И ЦИТОКИНОВ В ЛИМФЕ В НОРМЕ И ПРИ РАКЕ МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ В ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЕ

The involvement of hormones, microRNAs and cytokines in breast cancer pathogenesis has been well established. Lymph picks up secretory products of breast cancer cells. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the levels of hormones, microRNAs and cytokines in lymph. Wistar rats were injected with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to induce breast cancer. The rats were subjected to either surgery alone or chemotherapy alone (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil). In some animals, surgery was followed by chemotherapy. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and thyroglobulin (TG), microRNA-21, microRNA-221, microRNA-222, microRNA-429 and 24 cytokines were determined. Chemotherapy was shown to result in the reduction in the levels of prolactin, thyroglobulin, FSH and estradiol. In rats with breast cancer, the expression levels of microRNA-21, microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 were increased, and the expression levels of microRNA-429 were decreased. In breast cancer rats, the levels of most cytokines were found to be increased. Correlations between the levels of cytokines, hormones, and microRNAs in lymph were identified. Differences in the expression levels of cytokines, hormones, and microRNAs in lymph with respect to treatment option were detected.Цель исследования – оценка уровней гормонов, микроРНК и цитокинов в лимфе.Материал и методы. Экспериментальный рак молочной железы индуцировали введением N-метил-N-нитрозомочевины у крыс Wistar. Часть животных подвергалась только оперативному вмешательству или только химиотерапии (циклофосфан, метотрексат, 5-фторурацил). У части животных сочетали оперативное вмешательство с последующим курсом ХТ. В лимфе исследовали содержание фолликулостимулирующего гормона (ФСГ), пролактина, лютеинизирующего гормона (ЛГ), эстрадиола (Е2) и тириоглобулина (ТГ), микроРНК-21, микроРНК-221, микроРНК-222, микроРНК-429 и 24 цитокинов.Результаты. Показано, что на фоне ХТ снижаются уровни пролактина, тиреоглобулина, ФСГ и эстрадиола. В группе животных с РМЖ увеличены уровни экспрессии микроРНК-21, микроРНК-221, микроРНК-222 и снижены уровни экспрессии микроРНК-429. При РМЖ в лимфе увеличены уровни большинства цитокинов. Между уровнями в лимфе цитокинов, гормонов и микроРНК определены взаимосвязи. В лимфе выявляются различные уровни цитокинов, гормонов и микроРНК с учетом вида проведенного лечения

LEVELS OF HORMONES, microRNA AND CYTOKINES IN LYMPH FROM HEALTHY AND EXPERIMENTAL BREAST CANCER

The involvement of hormones, microRNAs and cytokines in breast cancer pathogenesis has been well established. Lymph picks up secretory products of breast cancer cells. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the levels of hormones, microRNAs and cytokines in lymph. Wistar rats were injected with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea to induce breast cancer. The rats were subjected to either surgery alone or chemotherapy alone (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil). In some animals, surgery was followed by chemotherapy. The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and thyroglobulin (TG), microRNA-21, microRNA-221, microRNA-222, microRNA-429 and 24 cytokines were determined. Chemotherapy was shown to result in the reduction in the levels of prolactin, thyroglobulin, FSH and estradiol. In rats with breast cancer, the expression levels of microRNA-21, microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 were increased, and the expression levels of microRNA-429 were decreased. In breast cancer rats, the levels of most cytokines were found to be increased. Correlations between the levels of cytokines, hormones, and microRNAs in lymph were identified. Differences in the expression levels of cytokines, hormones, and microRNAs in lymph with respect to treatment option were detected

Improving a Technique for the Estimation and Adjustment of Counterbalance of Sucker-rod Pumping Units' Drives

In order to reduce the impact of uneven load on the operation of drives at downhole sucker rod pumping units, it has been proposed, based on the results of this study, to apply an improved technique for estimating and adjusting their counterbalancing. The technique implies determining the required position of crank counterweights based on dependences of change in the active power and the rotation speed of the motor shaft. The experimental research aimed to derive the aforementioned dependences was carried out by using a portable information-measuring complex. Its operation is based on the technology of virtual instruments, methods of digital signal processing, and graphical programming of algorithms for applied software. According to the proposed technique, the optimal position of crank counterweights is determined based on the condition for the equality of maxima of the cumulative torque at the output shaft of the reduction gear. In this case, the diagram of change in the momentum of forces of useful resistance is the difference between the combined torque at the output shaft of the reduction gear, obtained as a result of this research, and a momentum from the crank and counterweights. A possibility to implement the improved technique for adjusting the equilibration of drives was confirmed, with a sufficient accuracy, by results from the repeated wattmeter measurement, performed upon repositioning the crank loads in accordance with the devised recommendations. It has been substantiated that a sufficient accuracy of parameters controlled in order to implement the technique could be achieved under condition that the crank turning angle between measurement points ranges from 5° to 1°. Introduction of the technique would make it possible to minimize the time required for the implementation of the balancing process and to reduce the impact of uneven load on the drive's operatio

Extended Lyman α haloes around individual high-redshift galaxies revealed by MUSE

We report the detection of extended Lyα emission around individual star-forming galaxies at redshifts z = 3−6 in an ultradeep exposure of the Hubble Deep Field South obtained with MUSE on the ESO-VLT. The data reach a limiting surface brightness (1σ) of ~1 × 10-19 erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2 in azimuthally averaged radial profiles, an order of magnitude improvement over previous narrowband imaging. Our sample consists of 26 spectroscopically confirmed Lyα-emitting, but mostly continuum-faint (mAB ≳ 27) galaxies. In most objects the Lyα emission is considerably more extended than the UV continuum light. While five of the faintest galaxies in the sample show no significantly detected Lyα haloes, the derived upper limits suggest that this is due to insufficient S/N. Lyα haloes therefore appear to be ubiquitous even for low-mass (~ 108−109 M⊙) star-forming galaxies at z > 3. We decompose the Lyα emission of each object into a compact component tracing the UV continuum and an extended halo component, and infer sizes and luminosities of the haloes. The extended Lyα emission approximately follows an exponential surface brightness distribution with a scale length of a few kpc. While these haloes are thus quite modest in terms of their absolute sizes, they are larger by a factor of 5−15 than the corresponding rest-frame UV continuum sources as seen by HST. They are also much more extended, by a factor ~5, than Lyα haloes around low-redshift star-forming galaxies. Between ~40% and ≳90% of the observed Lyα flux comes from the extended halo component, with no obvious correlation of this fraction with either the absolute or the relative size of the Lyα halo. Our observations provide direct insights into the spatial distribution of at least partly neutral gas residing in the circumgalactic medium of low to intermediate mass galaxies at z > 3.peerReviewe

Hypoxia and extracellular matrix remodeling

International audienceHypoxia regulates composition of both the vascular basement membrane (BM) and the extracellular matrix (ECM) by modulating deposition, cross-linking, posttranslational modifications, and rearrangement events but also degradation. Hypoxia-driven remodeling of the ECM includes highly temporally and spatially coordinated processes that eventually affect angiogenesis leading to blood vessel formation from existing blood vessels. Hypoxia thereby affects the mechanical properties of the vascular milieu as well as matricellular proteins expression and function and availability of angiogenesis-regulating growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). ECM composition and stiffness may be required for optimal VEGFR2 expression and vascular development in vitro and in vivo (Mammoto et al. Nature 2009), but how it might control signaling pathways such as VEGFR2 signaling is not fully appreciated yet. Thus, vascular BM and ECM composition affects vascular microenvironment architecture and interaction with angiogenic growth factors but also exerts mechanical forces controlled by physical interactions between vascular cells and the ECM that cooperate in regulating angiogenesis