Chemical transport model ozone simulations for spring 2001 over the western Pacific:comparisons with TRACE-P lidar, ozonesondes, and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer columns

Two closely related chemical transport models (CTMs) employing the same high-resolution meteorological data (similar to180 km x similar to180 km x similar to600 m) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts are used to simulate the ozone total column and tropospheric distribution over the western Pacific region that was explored by the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) measurement campaign in February-April 2001. We make extensive comparisons with ozone measurements from the lidar instrument on the NASA DC-8, with ozonesondes taken during the period around the Pacific Rim, and with TOMS total column ozone. These demonstrate that within the uncertainties of the meteorological data and the constraints of model resolution, the two CTMs (FRSGC/UCI and Oslo CTM2) can simulate the observed tropospheric ozone and do particularly well when realistic stratospheric ozone photochemistry is included. The greatest differences between the models and observations occur in the polluted boundary layer, where problems related to the simplified chemical mechanism and inadequate horizontal resolution are likely to have caused the net overestimation of about 10 ppb mole fraction. In the upper troposphere, the large variability driven by stratospheric intrusions makes agreement very sensitive to the timing of meteorological features

Effekter av kongekrabben på økosystemet på bløtbunn: undersøkelser i Varanger 2006-2009

Kongekrabben er en fremmed art som har spredd seg til kysten av Finnmark etter utsetting i Russland på 1960-tallet. I Varangerområdet har krabben hatt en høy bestand siden midten av 1990-tallet. Kongekrabben er et aktivt rovdyr som tar et bredt utvalg av bunnorganismer som føde. Voksne individer lever store deler av året på bløtbunn på dypere vann (100-400 m) hvor de synes å hente sin hovednæring. Denne rapporten gir en sammenfatning av undersøkelser i Varanger i perioden 2006-2009 som belyser hvordan bunnfauna og økosystemet på bløtbunn påvirkes av kongekrabben. Prøvetakingen er foretatt med krabbetrål, hvor bifangst av andre arter enn kongekrabben er registrert, bunnskraper og bunngrabb. Prøvene med bunngrabb omfattet lokaliteter hvor det var foretatt undersøkelser av bunnfauna i 1994 før bestanden av kongekrabben økte sterkt. I tillegg ble det gjort undersøkelser av biologisk aktivitet i bunnsedimentene med sedimentprofilfotografering (SPI). Undersøkelsene har vist: · Mange vanlig forekommende arter av bunndyr på bløtbunn er markert redusert i områder med mye kongekrabbe. Rent spesifikt synes alle større organismer med liten bevegelsesevne slik som pigghuder, gravende børstemark og større muslinger å være sterkt redusert eller helt borte. · Noen få svært små arter av rørbyggende børstemark og muslinger har blitt mer tallrike. Økologisk fører dette til at bunndyrsamfunnet endrer karakter og blir dominert av noen få arter. · Endringene i bunndyrsamfunnet har konsekvenser for økologiske prosesser i bunnsedimentet. Spesielt synes det som om aktiviteter som driver vanntransport i sedimentet og derved transport av oksygen til dypere sedimentlag reduseres. Dette rammer igjen normale stoffomsetningsprosesser nede i bunnsedimentet. I enkelte områder var det lokalt betydelig nedsatt sedimentkvalitet. Konsekvensene er at færre ”økosystemtjenester” i bunnmiljøet blir utført. · Endringene i bunndyrsamfunnet er langt større enn hva som kan forventes ved naturlig variasjon. Faktisk er endringene på nivå med det som kjennes fra markert forurensning eller kraftig overgjødsling hvor mange arter går sterkt tilbake. I Varanger kjenner vi ikke til andre faktorer enn beitepress fra kongekrabben som vil kunne føre til så omfattende endringer i de undersøkte områdene. Undersøkelsene kan ikke vise hvor utbredt effektene er. Nedsatt sedimentkvalitet ble påvist der det var lokalt høye tettheter av krabben, mens det i andre områder var gode forhold. Det må derfor forventes å være betydelige geografiske variasjoner. Spørsmål som melder seg er hva som kan skje i tilfeller der andre former for miljøpåvirkning kan komme i tillegg. Slike påvirkninger kan være utslipp av organisk materiale, forurensning av miljøgifter, fysisk forstyrrelse fra bunntråling eller oljesøl. Det er også et uavklart spørsmål i hvilken grad bunndyrsamfunnet vil kunne vende tilbake mot normal tilstand dersom bestanden av kongekrabben reduseres.Direktoratet for naturforvaltning, eni Norge og Sydvaranger Gruv

The Human Genomic Melting Map

In a living cell, the antiparallel double-stranded helix of DNA is a dynamically changing structure. The structure relates to interactions between and within the DNA strands, and the array of other macromolecules that constitutes functional chromatin. It is only through its changing conformations that DNA can organize and structure a large number of cellular functions. In particular, DNA must locally uncoil, or melt, and become single-stranded for DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription to occur. It has previously been shown that this melting occurs cooperatively, whereby several base pairs act in concert to generate melting bubbles, and in this way constitute a domain that behaves as a unit with respect to local DNA single-strandedness. We have applied a melting map calculation to the complete human genome, which provides information about the propensities of forming local bubbles determined from the whole sequence, and present a first report on its basic features, the extent of cooperativity, and correlations to various physical and biological features of the human genome. Globally, the melting map covaries very strongly with GC content. Most importantly, however, cooperativity of DNA denaturation causes this correlation to be weaker at resolutions fewer than 500 bps. This is also the resolution level at which most structural and biological processes occur, signifying the importance of the informational content inherent in the genomic melting map. The human DNA melting map may be further explored at http://meltmap.uio.no

Education policy and the heritability of educational attainment

Is not included in the online volume due to copyright (Nature 1985; 314: 734-736, reprinted in the paper edition with permission from the Nature Publishing Group

Common Genetic Variants Explain the Majority of the Correlation Between Height and Intelligence : The Generation Scotland Study

Creative Commons Attribution LicensePeer reviewedPublisher PD

Radiative forcing in the 21st century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere

Radiative forcing due to changes in ozone is expected for the 21st century. An assessment on changes in the tropospheric oxidative state through a model intercomparison ("OxComp'') was conducted for the IPCC Third Assessment Report (IPCC-TAR). OxComp estimated tropospheric changes in ozone and other oxidants during the 21st century based on the "SRES'' A2p emission scenario. In this study we analyze the results of 11 chemical transport models (CTMs) that participated in OxComp and use them as input for detailed radiative forcing calculations. We also address future ozone recovery in the lower stratosphere and its impact on radiative forcing by applying two models that calculate both tropospheric and stratospheric changes. The results of OxComp suggest an increase in global-mean tropospheric ozone between 11.4 and 20.5 DU for the 21st century, representing the model uncertainty range for the A2p scenario. As the A2p scenario constitutes the worst case proposed in IPCC-TAR we consider these results as an upper estimate. The radiative transfer model yields a positive radiative forcing ranging from 0.40 to 0.78 W m(-2) on a global and annual average. The lower stratosphere contributes an additional 7.5-9.3 DU to the calculated increase in the ozone column, increasing radiative forcing by 0.15-0.17 W m(-2). The modeled radiative forcing depends on the height distribution and geographical pattern of predicted ozone changes and shows a distinct seasonal variation. Despite the large variations between the 11 participating models, the calculated range for normalized radiative forcing is within 25%, indicating the ability to scale radiative forcing to global-mean ozone column change

Polyamide capsules via soft templating with oil drops—1. Morphological studies of the capsule wall

Poly(terephthalamide) microcapsules can be reproducibly and easily prepared by interfacial polycondensation around emulsion droplets in water. Oil drops of cyclohexane/chloroform mixture stabilized with poly(vinyl alcohol) containing terephthaloylchloride serve as soft template. The interfacial polycondensation starts immediately after addition of an amine mixture (hexamethylenediamine/diethylenetriamine). Light and scanning electron microscopy prove the formation of capsules with size distribution in the range from a few up to 100 µm depending on particular composition of the reaction mixture. The morphology of the capsule wall is characterized by precipitated particles. If instead of pure organic solvents a reactive oil phase is used as template, the capsules can serve in subsequent reactions as templates for the synthesis of composite particles. In this way, styrene can be radically polymerized inside the capsule leading to composite capsules. The capsule morphology is determined by the partition of all components between all phases

Maternal human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy and preterm delivery, a mother–child cohort study in Norway and Sweden

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is common in women of reproductive age. Infection and inflammation are leading causes for preterm delivery (PTD), but the role of HPV infection in PTD and prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) is unclear. We aimed to explore whether HPV infection during pregnancy in general, and high-risk-HPV (HR-HPV) infection specifically, increased the risk of PTD, preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM), PROM at term, and/or chorioamnionitis. Material and Methods: In pregnant women, who were participating in a prospective multicenter cohort study from a general population in Norway and Sweden (PreventADALL, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02449850), HPV DNA was analyzed in available urine samples at mid-gestation (16–22 weeks) and at delivery, and in the placenta after delivery with Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 PCR assay. The risk of PTD, PPROM, PROM, and chorioamnionitis was analyzed using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses for any 28 HPV genotypes, including 12 HR-HPV genotypes, compared with HPV-negative women. Further, subgroups of HPV (low-risk/possibly HR-HPV, HR-HPV-non-16 and HR-HPV-16), persistence of HR-HPV from mid-gestation to delivery, HR-HPV-viral load, and presence of multiple HPV infections were analyzed for the obstetric outcomes. Samples for HPV analyses were available from 950 women with singleton pregnancies (mean age 32 years) at mid-gestation and in 753 also at delivery. Results: At mid-gestation, 40% of women were positive for any HPV and 24% for HR-HPV. Of the 950 included women, 23 had PTD (2.4%), nine had PPROM (0.9%), and six had chorioamnionitis (0.6%). Of the term pregnancies, 25% involved PROM. The frequency of PTD was higher in HR-HPV-positive women (8/231, 3.5%) than in HPV-negative women (13/573, 2.3%) at mid-gestation, but the association was not statistically significant (odds ratio 1.55; 95% confidence interval 0.63–3.78). Neither any HPV nor subgroups of HPV at mid-gestation or delivery, nor persistence of HR-HPV was significantly associated with increased risk for PTD, PPROM, PROM, or chorioamnionitis. No HPV DNA was detected in placentas of women with PTD, PPROM or chorioamnionitis. Conclusions: HPV infection during pregnancy was not significantly associated with increased risk for PTD, PPROM, PROM, or chorioamnionitis among women from a general population with a low incidence of adverse obstetric outcomes

On the sources of the height–intelligence correlation: New insights from a bivariate ACE model with assortative mating

A robust positive correlation between height and intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, has been established in the literature. This paper makes several contributions toward establishing the causes of this association. First, we extend the standard bivariate ACE model to account for assortative mating. The more general theoretical framework provides several key insights, including formulas to decompose a cross-trait genetic correlation into components attributable to assortative mating and pleiotropy and to decompose a cross-trait within-family correlation. Second, we use a large dataset of male twins drawn from Swedish conscription records and examine how well genetic and environmental factors explain the association between (i) height and intelligence and (ii) height and military aptitude, a professional psychogologist’s assessment of a conscript’s ability to deal with wartime stress. For both traits, we find suggestive evidence of a shared genetic architecture with height, but we demonstrate that point estimates are very sensitive to assumed degrees of assortative mating. Third, we report a significant within-family correlation between height and intelligence \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$(\hat{\rho}=0.10),$$\end{document} suggesting that pleiotropy might be at play