Assessing the Felt Reports of the 1811-12 New Madrid Earthquakes in the Central United States

The damage and felt reports describing the New Madrid, Mo., earthquakes of 1811-12 need to be assessed in the historical context in which the events occurred. Log cabins in the frontier settlements along the lower Ohio River Valley, for example, were built with a rudimentary form of base isolation, and their response to the earthquakes should not be evaluated in the same way that a modern wood-frame or brick building would be. Also, inaccuracies have crept into the databases used for estimating the epicenters and magnitudes of the earthquakes. For example, the magnitude of the December 16, 1811, earthquake has been based, in part, on the lack of damage to buildings built well after the occurrence of the 1811-12 events, and the locations and circumstances of some of the people who described their observations of earthquakes and aftershocks in December 1811 while traveling down the Mississippi River on flatboats have been incorrectly used to estimate modified Mercalli intensities. This study indicates that the damage areas for the 1811-12 earthquakes have been underestimated, and favors an epicenter for the January 23, 1812, earthquake in the northern end of the new Madrid Fault Zone, and that the three aftershocks that some have suggested were triggered events centered in northeastern Kentucky or south-central Ohio were in fact centered in the New Madrid Seismic Zone

Source Zones, Recurrence Rates, and Time Histories for Earthquakes Affecting Kentucky

Time histories of hypothetical earthquakes, along with their peak-particle accelerations, and 0 and 5 percent damped response spectra are developed as guidelines for the seismic design of highway structures and bridges within Kentucky. The time histories are derived through the use of random vibration analyses, and take into consideration the probability of earthquakes from nearby seismic zones, the attenuation of ground motions with distance in the Central United States, and the possibility of a random event occurring outside of the generally recognized zones of seismicity in the area. Suggested peak-particle accelerations, time histories, and response spectra are intended for use at sites where the structure is assumed to be situated at the top of a bedrock foundation. For sites underlain by soils, and in particular for those sites underlain by poorly consolidated soils, it is recommended that site specific investigations be conducted by qualified professionals in order to determine the possibilities of frequency-dependent amplification (including resonance), damping, and soil failure when subjected to the suggested time histories. It should be noted that the seismic data is generated at the county seat and not at the county centroid

Dynamic Site Periods for the Jackson Purchase Region of Western Kentucky

Bridges, overpasses, and other engineered structures in the Jackson Purchase region of Western Kentucky are, of necessity, built on a thick column of loose to semi-consolidated sediments. Because these sediments tend to amplify seismically induced ground motions at preferred periods, structures with natural periods close to the preferred periods of amplification of the ground motions are particularly vulnerable to damages during an earthquake because of in-phase resonance. For this report, conventional seismic refraction and reflection techniques were used to determine the shearwave velocities of the more poorly consolidated, near-surface sediments for a matrix of sites in the region. Conventional seismic P-wave reflections along with existing drill hole and seismic reflection data in the region were then used to determine the depth to the top of the bedrock at the sites investigated. These data were used in SHAKE91 to calculate the fundamental period of the ground motion at the sites. This period, identified in the study as the dynamic site period, is the period at which ground motions in the sedimentary column are most apt to be amplified as a result of a seismic shear wave propagating from the top of the bedrock to the surface. Based on the results in this report, it is recommended that bridges, overpasses, and other engineered structures built in the region be designed so that their natural periods do not coincide with the fundamental period of the sedimentary column, thereby avoiding damage during an earthquake as a result of in-phase resonance

Seismic Evaluation of the Ohio River Bridge on US51 at Wickliffe, Kentucky

This report presents the of seismic evaluation of the Ohio river bridge on US51 at Wickliffe, Kentucky. The main bridge is a five-span single-deck cantilever through-truss type. The approach bridge has 21 spans on the Kentucky side and 6 spans on the Illinois side. Although this bridge has not yet been subjected to a moderate or major earthquake, it is situated within the influence of the New Madrid seismic zone. The seismic evaluation program consists of field testing and seismic response analysis. The modal properties of the main bridge are determined through field testing, and are used to calibrate the three dimensional finite element model. The finite element model is then subjected to time histories of the 50-year earthquake event. Stresses and displacements obtained are within the acceptable limits. Analytical results indicate that the main bridge will survive the projected 50-year earthquake without significant damage and no loss-of-span. Hence, it is not recommended to retrofit the main bridge. The approach spans are analyzed using response spectrum method with simplified single-degree-of freedom models. Most of the Kentucky and Illinois approach spans require additional anchor bolts at the bearings

Seismic Evaluation of the US41 Southbound Bridge over the Ohio River at Henderson, KY

This report presents the seismic evaluation of the US41 Southbound bridge over the Ohio River connecting Evansville, Indiana and Henderson, Kentucky. The main bridge is a four-span cantilever through-truss type. The approach bridge has 9 spans on the Evansville, IN side and 20 spans on the Henderson, side. Although this bridge has not yet been subjected to a moderate or major earthquake, it is situated within the influence of the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones. The seismic evaluation program consisted of field testing and seismic response analysis. The modal properties of the main bridge were determined through field testing, and were used to calibrate a three dimensional finite element model. The finite element model was then subjected to the acceleration time histories of the 50-year earthquake event. Stresses and displacements due to projected earthquakes are found to be very low. Analytical results indicate that the main bridge superstructure will survive the projected 50-year earthquake without any damage and no loss-of-span. However, all the supports on the piers of the main bridge require additional anchor bolts or seismic isolation bearings. The Kentucky and Indiana approach spans are analyzed using the response spectrum method with simplified single-degree-of-freedom models. Ten out of twelve supports having fixed bearings on both the approach spans require additional anchor bolts or seismic isolation bearings. At three out of twenty-five supports having expansion bearings, the existing rocker bearings need to be replaced with elastomeric bearings or cable restrainers need to be provided to avoid loss-of-span

Seismic Evaluation of the US41 Northbound Bridge over the Ohio River at Henderson, KY

This report presents the seismic evaluation of the US41 Northbound bridge over the Ohio River connecting Evansville, Indiana and Henderson, Kentucky. The main bridge is a four-span cantilever through-truss type. The approach bridge has 8 spans on the Evansville, IN side and 35 spans on the Henderson, KY side. Although this bridge has not yet been subjected to a moderate or major earthquake, it is situated within the influence of the New Madrid and Wabash Valley Seismic Zones. The seismic evaluation program consisted of field testing and seismic response analysis. The modal properties of the main bridge were determined through field testing, and were used to calibrate a three dimensional finite element model. The finite element model was then subjected to time histories of the 50-year earthquake event. Stresses and displacements obtained were found to be within the acceptable limits. Analytical results indicate that the superstructure of the main bridge will survive the projected 50-year earthquake without any damage and no loss-of-span. However, all supports on the piers of the main bridge require additional anchor bolts or seismic isolation bearings. The approach spans were analyzed using response spectrum method with simplified single-degree-of-freedom models. Thirteen out of forty-two supports having fixed bearings on both the Kentucky and Indiana approach spans require additional anchor bolts at the fixed bearings or seismic isolation bearings

Prospectus, February 11, 1976

NEW FEES REFLECT FINANCES; PC news in brief: Street Resigns, WIU Rep Here, Can you play?, New Gym Hours; Report results of midterm grading survey; Hendren disputes Stu-Go election returns; Skylines; Letter; LRC Suggestion Box; Bicentennial forum set; The Award Letter; Child development program winter workshop; PCSSA meets Feb. 9; Plan canoe trip; Vinyl Love; Speech Team Wins at DuPage; Good News; Country Bouquet: C. W. McCall; Watch Out; Morning D.J. 12 to 7: Who\u27s Charlie Kay; Classifieds; Oliver keys 95-88 Cobra Win; I.M. program; Bouncing Bob\u27s Bonanza Winners; Bouncing Bob\u27s Basketball Bonanza; Long-awaited first victory: Cobras Stun Lake Land In Final Two Seconds; Where is Everybody?; Cobras Dump Danville; Wrestling a question mark at P/Chttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1976/1022/thumbnail.jp

Prospectus, December 11, 1975

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR; IOC: Greetings to campus; Final Exam Schedule; To the Students of Parkland College…; PC News in brief: Christmas Concerts, Chili Supper; Far Out Planet; Anti-football views expressed at meeting; Distaff Side; Skylines; P/C College Theatre plays well recieved; Acupuncture Expert needles P.C. students; Toys for Tots; Vinyl Love; Two compete at Bradley debate; For Santa Claus: Little Jimmy\u27s list; Country Bouquet: Chicano Country; Exotic Dishes tasted by language classes; Rape - $150; Good News; Diana Hill, Scholarship Recipient; The Kaleidoscope; Forum; Reading skills improvement program offered at Parkland; Ike\u27s reply; Mitchell Interview; Prospectus Photo Contest; Christmas Greetings; Classified; Fast Freddy\u27s football forecast; Cobra\u27s Corner; Cobras downed 82-81 in OT; Sports Views; Davidson returns against home team; Henrichs Cut to six in 2nd loss; Lanky Warriors edge Cobrashttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1975/1000/thumbnail.jp

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie

The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys

We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures