The Astrocytic Contribution in ALS: Inflammation and Excitotoxicity

status: publishe

The cities of spanish in the county of Cumaná during the government of Espinosa de los Monteros

Artículo de la sección: EstudiosUtilizando como fuente los padrones y matrículas de población realizados por el gobernador Espinosa de los Monteros durante su visita a la provincia de Cumaná, este artículo estudia los modelos de asentamiento de las siguientes ciudades de españoles: Cumanacoa, Cariaco, Campano, Río Caribes y Araya. Dicha visita posee un gran valor histórico por su riqueza informativa y por ser un documento fundamental para el conocimiento de la situación demográfica de Cumaná en tomo al año 1745. En este trabajo se presta atención a la evolución demográfica de la región, estmctura familiar, composición y tamaño de los hogares, la posición social y económica de sus pobladores, así como al tipo y número de viviendas.Using as source the censures and population’s registrations carried out by the governor Espinosa de los Monteros during their visit for the county of Cumaná, this article studies the models of establishment of the following cities of Spaniards: Cumanacoa, Cariaco, Campano, Río Caribes and Araya. This visit possesses a great historical value for its informative wealth and to be a fundamental document for the knowledge of the demographic situation of Cumaná around the year 1745. In this work attention is paid to the demographic evolution of the region, it structures family, composition and size of the homes, the social and economic position of its residents, as well as the type and number of housings.Departamento de Historia Moderna y de América, Universidad de Granad

Management of Intrathecal Catheter-Tip Inflammatory Masses: A Consensus Statement

In a companion article, we synthesized current clinical and preclinical data to formulate hypotheses about the etiology of drug administration catheter-tip inflammatory masses. In this article, we communicate our recommendations for the detection, treatment, mitigation, and prevention of such masses. Methods. We reviewed published and unpublished case reports and our own experiences to find methods to diagnose and treat catheter-tip inflammatory masses in a manner that minimized adverse neurological sequelae. We also formulated hypotheses about theoretical ways to mitigate, and possibly, prevent the formation of such masses. Results. Human cases have occurred only in patients with chronic pain who received intrathecal opioid drugs, alone or mixed with other drugs, or in patients who received agents that were not labeled for long-term intrathecal use. Most patients had noncancer pain owing to their large representation among the population with implanted pumps. Such patients also had a longer life expectancy and exposure to intrathecal drugs, and they received higher daily doses than patients with cancer pain. Clues to diagnosis included the loss of analgesic drug effects accompanied by new, gradually progressive neurological symptoms and signs. When a mass was diagnosed before it filled the spinal canal or before it caused severe neurological symptoms, open surgery to remove the mass often was not required. Anecdotal reports and the authors' experiences suggest that cessation of drug administration through the affected catheter was followed by shrinkage or disappearance of the mass over a period of 2-5 months. Conclusions. Attentive follow-up and maintenance of an index of suspicion should permit timely diagnosis, minimally invasive treatment, and avoidance of neurological injury from catheter-tip inflammatory masses. Whenever it is feasible, positioning the catheter in the lumbar thecal sac and/or keeping the daily intrathecal opioid dose as low as possible for as long possible may mitigate the seriousness, and perhaps, reduce the incidence of such inflammatory masses.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75020/1/j.1526-4637.2002.02055.x.pd

The Potential Implications of Web-Based Marketing Communications for Consumers\u27 Implicit and Explicit Brand Attitudes: A Call for Research

Two developments in the last two decades frame the importance of Web-based marketing communications for firms. First is the phenomenal growth of the Internet as a viable commerce and communication option and second is the clear shift in attitude research toward recognizing the pervasive role of automatic processes in almost all the social psychological processes. Therefore, this article discusses the potential implications of Web-based marketing communications for consumers\u27 implicit and explicit attitudes. In doing so, first, this article reviews the emergence of research on implicit attitudes, distinguishes implicit attitudes from explicit attitudes, and discusses research on explicit and implicit attitudes relative to branding. Second, a brief discussion of marketing research on attitude is provided. Third, five empirically testable research propositions are developed and presented. Finally, given the potential implications for research and practice, the article concludes with a call for research. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

First narrow-band search for continuous gravitational waves from known pulsars in advanced detector data

Spinning neutron stars asymmetric with respect to their rotation axis are potential sources of continuous gravitational waves for ground-based interferometric detectors. In the case of known pulsars a fully coherent search, based on matched filtering, which uses the position and rotational parameters obtained from electromagnetic observations, can be carried out. Matched filtering maximizes the signalto- noise (SNR) ratio, but a large sensitivity loss is expected in case of even a very small mismatch between the assumed and the true signal parameters. For this reason, narrow-band analysis methods have been developed, allowing a fully coherent search for gravitational waves from known pulsars over a fraction of a hertz and several spin-down values. In this paper we describe a narrow-band search of 11 pulsars using data from Advanced LIGO’s first observing run. Although we have found several initial outliers, further studies show no significant evidence for the presence of a gravitational wave signal. Finally, we have placed upper limits on the signal strain amplitude lower than the spin-down limit for 5 of the 11 targets over the bands searched; in the case of J1813-1749 the spin-down limit has been beaten for the first time. For an additional 3 targets, the median upper limit across the search bands is below the spin-down limit. This is the most sensitive narrow-band search for continuous gravitational waves carried out so far

Lack of IL‐7 and IL‐15 signaling affects interferon‐γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8 + T cells

Survival of antigen‐specific CD8 + T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL‐7 and IL‐15. However, little is known about a possible influence of tissue environmental factors on this process. To address this question, we studied survival of memory antigen‐specific CD8 + T cells in the small intestine. Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R 20–27 /H2‐K b tetramer + CD8 + T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI‐IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL‐15 expression. Moreover, SI‐IEL and lamina propria lymphocytes do not express the receptor for IL‐7 (IL‐7Rα/CD127). In addition, after in vitro stimulation with B8R 20–27 peptide, SI‐IEL cells do not produce high amounts of IFN‐γ neither at 5 days nor at 2 months postinfection (p.i.). Importantly, the lack of IL‐15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen‐specific CD8 + T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. Taken together, these results reveal that survival factors, as well as the functional activity, of antigen‐specific CD8 + T cells in the SI‐IEL compartments may markedly differ from their counterparts in peripheral lymphoid tissues.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/88067/1/3513_ftp.pd

Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules protect motor neurons from astrocyte-induced toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Astrocytes isolated from individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are toxic to motor neurons (MNs) and play a non–cell autonomous role in disease pathogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of MNs to cell death remain unclear. Here we report that astrocytes derived from either mice bearing mutations in genes associated with ALS or human subjects with ALS reduce the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules on MNs; reduced MHCI expression makes these MNs susceptible to astrocyte-induced cell death. Increasing MHCI expression on MNs increases survival and motor performance in a mouse model of ALS and protects MNs against astrocyte toxicity. Overexpression of a single MHCI molecule, HLA-F, protects human MNs from ALS astrocyte–mediated toxicity, whereas knockdown of its receptor, the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor KIR3DL2, on human astrocytes results in enhanced MN death. Thus, our data indicate that, in ALS, loss of MHCI expression on MNs renders them more vulnerable to astrocyte-mediated toxicity