The Hadoop Distributed File System

The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is designed to store very large data sets reliably, and to stream those data sets at high bandwidth to user applications. In a large cluster, thousands of servers both host directly attached storage and execute user application tasks. By distributing storage and computation across many servers, the resource can grow with demand while remaining economical at every size. We describe the architecture of HDFS and report on experience using HDFS to manage 25 petabytes of enterprise data at Yahoo.

Comparison of interrupted- and continuous-suture urethroplasty in tubularised incised-plate hypospadias repair: A prospective study

Objective: To compare the effect of interrupted- and continuous-suture urethroplasty on complication rates in Snodgrass tubularised incised-plate (TIP) hypospadias repair. Patients and methods: This was a prospective randomised study comprising 100 boys (age range 1â5â¯years) with primary subcoronal, distal- and mid-penile hypospadias who underwent repair from October 2010 to March 2015 in a tertiary care hospital. Boys with glanular, recurrent, and proximal hypospadias were excluded from the study. The boys were prospectively randomised into two groups: Group A, comprised 50 boys who underwent interrupted subcuticular suture Snodgrass TIP urethroplasty; and Group B, comprised 50 boys who underwent continuous subcuticular suture Snodgrass TIP urethroplasty. Outcomes were assessed in terms of complication rates and aesthetic appearance during follow-up. Results: There was no significant difference in the occurrence of complications between the groups. There were 21 complications, with 10 occurring in Group A and 11 in Group-B. Urethrocutaneous fistula was the most common complication in both groups (six in Group A and seven in Group B), the fistulae were <2â¯mm in nine patients and 3â5â¯mm in the remaining four. Partial glans dehiscence occurred in one patient in each group. One patient from each group also had superficial wound infection, meatal stenosis and urethral stricture respectively, all of which were managed conservatively. The resultant urinary stream was single and good in all patients of both groups. Conclusions: The type of suture technique had no significant effect on complication rates after Snodgrass hypospadias repair and thus the choice of technique depends on surgeon preference. Keywords: Hypospadias, Snodgrass TIP repair, Urethrocutaneous fistula, Urethroplast

Risk Factors Associated with Tuberculosis Infection Among Household Children Contacts of Sputum Smear Positive Tuberculosis Cases

Background: India has highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) globally. The source of infection for children is usually an adult in their household with active TB. Only few studies have been carried out among household children contacts of active TB patients in India to assess the risk factors of infection among children. Aim and Objective: To study the risk factors of TB infection among household children contacts of sputum positive patients. Material and Methods: We conducted study on 200 household children contacts (1-15 years) of sputum positive patients registered at DOTS centers in Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh. Stratified sampling was done. A semi structured questionnaire was administered to collect the information. Infection in children was assessed by TST (Mantoux test). Results: TST positivity in children of TST positivity was associated with female index case (p=0.027), lower socioeconomic status (p=0.011), overcrowding (0.008) and duration of symptoms before treatment (p<0.001). Among the factors of children, age >6 years, duration of stay with index case >10 hours/day and malnutrition were significantly associated. Conclusion: The study concludes that TB infection among children is significantly associated with various factors related to index case, susceptible host and environment, which can be intervened to prevent TB infection in children

Effect of Age of Seedling and Plant Spacing on Yield and Economics of Transplanted Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An experiment was conducted at Shradhay Bhagwati Singh Agriculture Research Farm (Hajipur), Chandra Bhanu Gupta Krishi Snatakottar Mahavidyalaya, B.K.T., Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh) during the Kharif season of 2022. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications keeping three ages of seedlings viz., 21 days of the age of old seedlings, 28 days of the age of old seedlings and 35 days of the age of old seedlings in main plots and three plants spacing 20 cm x 10 cm, 25 cm x 10 cm and 15 cm x 15 cm in subplots. Results revealed that there was significant variation among different times of transplanting with respect to growth. Growth parameters were higher in paddy transplanted at 21 days of age of old seedlings as compared to the rest of the age of seedlings. The yield attributes as effective tillers m-2, panicle length (cm.), numbers of grains panicle-1, grains weight panicle-1 (g.), panicle weight (g.) and 1000 grain weight were significantly superior in paddy transplanted in 21 days of age of old seedlings. 21 days of age of old seedlings proved significantly superior in terms of grain, straw, total biological yield and harvest index when compared to the rest of the age of seedlings. The maximum N – content (%) was significantly superior in paddy transplanted in 35 days of the age of seedling in grain and straw. The N – Uptake (kg/ha.) was significantly superior in paddy transplanted in 21 days of age of seedling in grain and straw. The protein content (%) was significantly superior over in paddy transplanted at 35 days of the age of seedlings in grain and straw. The Protein – production (kg/ha.) were significantly superior in paddy transplanted at 21 days of age of seedling in grain and straw. Growth parameters such as plant height (cm.), dry matter accumulation (gm-2) and leaf area index were higher in paddy transplanted with 20 cm x 10 cm but a number of tillers (m-2) higher with 25 cm x 10 cm as compared to rest of the plant spacing. Plant spacing of 25 cm x 10 cm produced significantly more yield attributes and yield of rice. The maximum N – content (%) were significantly superior in paddy transplanted with 15 cm x 15 cm in grain and straw. The maximum N – Uptake (kg/ha.) was significantly superior in paddy transplanted with 25 cm x 10 cm in grain and straw as compared to the rest of the plant spacing. The maximum protein content (%) were significantly superior over in paddy transplanted with 15 cm x 15 cm in grain and straw. The Protein – production (kg/ha.) was significantly superior in paddy transplanted with 25 cm x 10 cm in grain and straw. Transplanting of paddy 28 days of age of old seedlings with 25 cm x 10 cm plant spacing had higher gross return, net return, and B:C ratio of rice crop